Chapter 1A — Saṃjñā-prakaraṇam (Sūtras 1–40)
Terminology: alphabet, vowel/consonant classifications, and grammatical terms. All sūtras below are taken directly from the PDF with word-for-word meanings.
Sūtras 1–16: The Varṇa-krama (Alphabet)
Sūtra 1nārāyaṇād udbhūto 'yaṃ varṇa-kramaḥ
nārāyaṇāt — from Lord Nārāyaṇa; udbhūtaḥ — appeared; ayam — this; varṇa-kramaḥ — series of phonemes (the Sanskrit alphabet).
This series of varṇas (the Sanskrit alphabet) appeared from Nārāyaṇa.
This series of varṇas (the Sanskrit alphabet) appeared from Nārāyaṇa.
Sūtra 2tatrādau caturdaśa sarveśvarāḥ
tatra — there (in the alphabet); ādau — in the beginning; caturdaśa — fourteen; sarveśvarāḥ — sarveśvaras (vowels).
The first fourteen varṇas of the alphabet are called sarveśvaras. (a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ e ai o au)
The first fourteen varṇas of the alphabet are called sarveśvaras. (a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ e ai o au)
Sūtra 3daśa daśāvatārāḥ
daśa — ten; daśāvatārāḥ — daśāvatāras.
The first ten varṇas of the alphabet are called daśāvatāras. (a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ)
The first ten varṇas of the alphabet are called daśāvatāras. (a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ)
Sūtra 4teṣāṃ dvau dvāv ekātmakau
teṣām — among them (the daśāvatāras); dvau dvau — every two varṇas; ekātmakau — are two ekātmakas (of the same nature).
Among the daśāvatāras, both varṇas of each consecutive pair are called ekātmakas. (a/ā, i/ī, u/ū, ṛ/ṝ, ḷ/ḹ)
Among the daśāvatāras, both varṇas of each consecutive pair are called ekātmakas. (a/ā, i/ī, u/ū, ṛ/ṝ, ḷ/ḹ)
Sūtra 5pūrvo vāmanaḥ
pūrvaḥ — the first one; vāmanaḥ — vāmana (short vowel).
The first varṇa in each pair of ekātmakas is called vāmana. (a i u ṛ ḷ — Pāṇinian: hrasva)
The first varṇa in each pair of ekātmakas is called vāmana. (a i u ṛ ḷ — Pāṇinian: hrasva)
Sūtra 6paras trivikramaḥ
paraḥ — the other one; trivikramaḥ — trivikrama (long vowel).
The latter varṇa in each pair of ekātmakas is called trivikrama. (ā ī ū ṝ ḹ — Pāṇinian: dīrgha)
The latter varṇa in each pair of ekātmakas is called trivikrama. (ā ī ū ṝ ḹ — Pāṇinian: dīrgha)
Sūtra 7a-ā-varjitāḥ sarveśvarā īśvarāḥ
a-ā-varjitāḥ — excluding the varṇas a and ā; sarveśvarāḥ — sarveśvaras; īśvarāḥ — īśvaras.
The sarveśvaras excluding a and ā are called īśvaras. (i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ e ai o au)
The sarveśvaras excluding a and ā are called īśvaras. (i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ e ai o au)
Sūtra 8daśāvatārā īśāḥ
daśāvatārāḥ — daśāvatāras; īśāḥ — īśas.
The daśāvatāras that are also īśvaras are called īśas. (i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ)
The daśāvatāras that are also īśvaras are called īśas. (i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ)
Sūtra 9a-ā-i-ī-u-ū anantāḥ
a-ā-i-ī-u-ū — the varṇas a, ā, i, ī, u, and ū; anantāḥ — anantas.
A, ā, i, ī, u, and ū are called anantas.
A, ā, i, ī, u, and ū are called anantas.
Sūtra 10i-ī-u-ū catuḥ-sanāḥ
i-ī-u-ū — the varṇas i, ī, u, and ū; catuḥ-sanāḥ — catuḥsanas.
I, ī, u, and ū are called catuḥsanas.
I, ī, u, and ū are called catuḥsanas.
Sūtra 11u-ū-ṛ-ṝ catur-bhujāḥ
u-ū-ṛ-ṝ — the varṇas u, ū, ṛ, and ṝ; catur-bhujāḥ — caturbhujas.
U, ū, ṛ, and ṝ are called caturbhujas.
U, ū, ṛ, and ṝ are called caturbhujas.
Sūtra 12e-ai-o-au catur-vyūhāḥ
e-ai-o-au — the varṇas e, ai, o, and au; catur-vyūhāḥ — caturvyūhas (diphthongs).
E, ai, o, and au are called caturvyūhas. (Pāṇinian: sandhyakṣaras. All are trivikramas.)
E, ai, o, and au are called caturvyūhas. (Pāṇinian: sandhyakṣaras. All are trivikramas.)
Sūtra 13aṃ iti viṣṇu-cakram
aṃ — the varṇa ṃ; iti — thus; viṣṇu-cakram — viṣṇucakra.
Aṃ is called viṣṇucakra. (Pāṇinian: anusvāra)
Aṃ is called viṣṇucakra. (Pāṇinian: anusvāra)
Sūtra 14a̐ iti viṣṇu-cāpaḥ
a̐ — the varṇa a̐ (anunāsika); iti — thus; viṣṇu-cāpaḥ — viṣṇucāpa.
A̐ is called viṣṇucāpa. (Pāṇinian: anunāsika. Pronounced in the nose.)
A̐ is called viṣṇucāpa. (Pāṇinian: anunāsika. Pronounced in the nose.)
Sūtra 15aḥ iti viṣṇu-sargaḥ
aḥ — the varṇa ḥ; iti — thus; viṣṇu-sargaḥ — viṣṇusarga.
Aḥ is called viṣṇusarga. (Pāṇinian: visarga)
Aḥ is called viṣṇusarga. (Pāṇinian: visarga)
Sūtra 16kādayo viṣṇu-janāḥ
ka-ādayaḥ — the varṇas beginning with ka; viṣṇu-janāḥ — viṣṇujanas (consonants).
All the varṇas from ka onward are called viṣṇujanas. (Pāṇinian: vyañjanas / hal-s. Note: kṣa is the combination of ka and ṣa, not a separate viṣṇujana.)
All the varṇas from ka onward are called viṣṇujanas. (Pāṇinian: vyañjanas / hal-s. Note: kṣa is the combination of ka and ṣa, not a separate viṣṇujana.)
Sūtras 17–30: Consonant Classifications
Sūtra 17te māntāḥ pañca pañca viṣṇu-vargāḥ
te — the viṣṇujanas; māntāḥ — ending with the varṇa ma; pañca pañca — in five groups of five; viṣṇu-vargāḥ — viṣṇuvargas.
The viṣṇujanas from ka to ma, arranged in five groups of five, are called viṣṇuvargas. (Pāṇinian: vargas)
The viṣṇujanas from ka to ma, arranged in five groups of five, are called viṣṇuvargas. (Pāṇinian: vargas)
Sūtra 18ka-ca-ṭa-ta-pā hari-kamalāni
ka-ca-ṭa-ta-pāḥ — the viṣṇujanas ka, ca, ṭa, ta, and pa; hari-kamalāni — harikamalas.
Ka, ca, ṭa, ta, and pa are called harikamalas. (The lotus of Hari — voiceless unaspirated stops)
Ka, ca, ṭa, ta, and pa are called harikamalas. (The lotus of Hari — voiceless unaspirated stops)
Sūtra 19kha-cha-ṭha-tha-phā hari-khaḍgāḥ
kha-cha-ṭha-tha-phāḥ — the viṣṇujanas kha, cha, ṭha, tha, and pha; hari-khaḍgāḥ — harikhaḍgas.
Kha, cha, ṭha, tha, and pha are called harikhaḍgas. (The sword of Hari — voiceless aspirated stops)
Kha, cha, ṭha, tha, and pha are called harikhaḍgas. (The sword of Hari — voiceless aspirated stops)
Sūtra 20ga-ja-ḍa-da-bā hari-gadāḥ
ga-ja-ḍa-da-bāḥ — the viṣṇujanas ga, ja, ḍa, da, and ba; hari-gadāḥ — harigadās.
Ga, ja, ḍa, da, and ba are called harigadās. (The club of Hari — voiced unaspirated stops)
Ga, ja, ḍa, da, and ba are called harigadās. (The club of Hari — voiced unaspirated stops)
Sūtra 21gha-jha-ḍha-dha-bhā hari-ghoṣāḥ
gha-jha-ḍha-dha-bhāḥ — the viṣṇujanas gha, jha, ḍha, dha, and bha; hari-ghoṣāḥ — harighoṣas.
Gha, jha, ḍha, dha, and bha are called harighoṣas. (The conchshell of Hari — voiced aspirated stops)
Gha, jha, ḍha, dha, and bha are called harighoṣas. (The conchshell of Hari — voiced aspirated stops)
Sūtra 22ṅa-ña-ṇa-na-mā hari-veṇavaḥ
ṅa-ña-ṇa-na-māḥ — the viṣṇujanas ṅa, ña, ṇa, na, and ma; hari-veṇavaḥ — hariveṇus.
Ṅa, ña, ṇa, na, and ma are called hariveṇus. (The flute of Hari — nasals. Pronounced using both mouth and nose.)
Ṅa, ña, ṇa, na, and ma are called hariveṇus. (The flute of Hari — nasals. Pronounced using both mouth and nose.)
Sūtra 23ta etad-varjitā viṣṇu-dāsāḥ
te — they (the viṣṇuvargas); etat-varjitāḥ — excluding these (the hariveṇus); viṣṇu-dāsāḥ — viṣṇudāsas.
The viṣṇuvargas excluding the hariveṇus are called viṣṇudāsas. (i.e., the 20 stops: ka–bha)
The viṣṇuvargas excluding the hariveṇus are called viṣṇudāsas. (i.e., the 20 stops: ka–bha)
Sūtra 24ya-ra-la-vā hari-mitrāṇi
ya-ra-la-vāḥ — the viṣṇujanas ya, ra, la, and va; hari-mitrāṇi — harimitras.
Ya, ra, la, and va are called harimitras. (The friends of Hari — semivowels)
Ya, ra, la, and va are called harimitras. (The friends of Hari — semivowels)
Sūtra 25śa-ṣa-sa-hā hari-gotrāṇi
śa-ṣa-sa-hāḥ — the viṣṇujanas śa, ṣa, sa, and ha; hari-gotrāṇi — harigotras.
Śa, ṣa, sa, and ha are called harigotras. (The family of Hari — sibilants + ha)
Śa, ṣa, sa, and ha are called harigotras. (The family of Hari — sibilants + ha)
Sūtra 26śa-ṣa-sāḥ śaurayaḥ
śa-ṣa-sāḥ — the viṣṇujanas śa, ṣa, and sa; śaurayaḥ — śauris.
Śa, ṣa, and sa are called śauris. (The sibilants)
Śa, ṣa, and sa are called śauris. (The sibilants)
Sūtra 27viṣṇudāsa-harigotrāṇi vaiṣṇavāḥ
viṣṇudāsa-harigotrāṇi — the viṣṇudāsas and harigotras; vaiṣṇavāḥ — vaiṣṇavas.
The viṣṇudāsas and the harigotras are called vaiṣṇavas.
The viṣṇudāsas and the harigotras are called vaiṣṇavas.
Sūtra 28harigadā-harighoṣa-hariveṇu-harimitrāṇi haś ca gopālāḥ
harigadā-harighoṣa-hariveṇu-harimitrāṇi — the harigadās, harighoṣas, hariveṇus, and harimitras; haḥ — the varṇa ha; ca — and; gopālāḥ — gopālas.
The harigadās, harighoṣas, hariveṇus, harimitras, and ha are called gopālas. (The soft/voiced consonants)
The harigadās, harighoṣas, hariveṇus, harimitras, and ha are called gopālas. (The soft/voiced consonants)
Sūtra 29yādavā anye
yādavāḥ — yādavas; anye — the other viṣṇujanas.
All viṣṇujanas other than gopālas are called yādavas. (The hard/voiceless consonants)
All viṣṇujanas other than gopālas are called yādavas. (The hard/voiceless consonants)
Sūtra 30śauri-varjitās tu sātvatāḥ
śauri-varjitāḥ — excluding the śauris; tu — but; sātvatāḥ — sātvatas.
The yādavas excluding the śauris are called sātvatas.
The yādavas excluding the śauris are called sātvatas.
Sūtras 31–40: Prosody, Terminology & Operations
Sūtra 31vāmano laghuḥ
vāmanaḥ — a vāmana (short vowel); laghuḥ — laghu (prosodically light).
A vāmana is laghu.
A vāmana is laghu.
Sūtra 32trivikramo guruḥ
trivikramaḥ — a trivikrama (long vowel); guruḥ — guru (prosodically heavy).
A trivikrama is guru.
A trivikrama is guru.
Sūtra 33sat-saṅgāt pūrvo vāmano 'pi guruḥ
sat-saṅgāt — a sat-saṅga (consonant cluster); pūrvaḥ — before; vāmanaḥ — a vāmana; api — also; guruḥ — guru.
A vāmana that immediately precedes a sat-saṅga is also guru.
A vāmana that immediately precedes a sat-saṅga is also guru.
Sūtra 34mithaḥ-saṃlagno viṣṇujanaḥ sat-saṅga-saṃjñaḥ
mithaḥ — with each other; saṃlagnaḥ — conjoined; viṣṇujanaḥ — viṣṇujanas; sat-saṅga-saṃjñaḥ — called sat-saṅga.
The combination of viṣṇujanas conjoined with each other is called a sat-saṅga.
The combination of viṣṇujanas conjoined with each other is called a sat-saṅga.
Sūtra 35varṇa-svarūpe rāmaḥ
varṇa-svarūpe — when expressing a varṇa itself; rāmaḥ — rāma.
The word rāma is used to designate a single varṇa. (e.g., a-rāma = the varṇa a)
The word rāma is used to designate a single varṇa. (e.g., a-rāma = the varṇa a)
Sūtra 36tad-ādi-dvaye dvayam
tat — that; ādi — beginning with; dvaye — when expressing a pair; dvayam — dvaya.
The word dvaya is used to designate the pair of varṇas beginning with the varṇa mentioned. (e.g., i-dvaya = i and ī)
The word dvaya is used to designate the pair of varṇas beginning with the varṇa mentioned. (e.g., i-dvaya = i and ī)
Sūtra 37ādeśo viriñciḥ
ādeśaḥ — substitution; viriñciḥ — viriñci.
Substitution is called viriñci. (Pāṇinian: ādeśa)
Substitution is called viriñci. (Pāṇinian: ādeśa)
Sūtra 38āgamo viṣṇuḥ
āgamaḥ — insertion/augment; viṣṇuḥ — viṣṇu.
Insertion is called viṣṇu. (Pāṇinian: āgama)
Insertion is called viṣṇu. (Pāṇinian: āgama)
Sūtra 39lopo haraḥ
lopaḥ — deletion; haraḥ — hara.
Deletion is called hara. (Pāṇinian: lopa)
Deletion is called hara. (Pāṇinian: lopa)
Sūtra 40sūtrāṇi ṣaḍ-vidhāni
sūtrāṇi — sūtras; ṣaḍ-vidhāni — six kinds.
There are six kinds of sūtras.
There are six kinds of sūtras.
Summary: Consonant Classification
| Sūtra | HNV Name | Members | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17 | viṣṇuvarga | ka–ma (5 groups of 5) | The 25 stops + nasals |
| 18 | harikamala | ka ca ṭa ta pa | Voiceless unaspirated (lotus) |
| 19 | harikhaḍga | kha cha ṭha tha pha | Voiceless aspirated (sword) |
| 20 | harigadā | ga ja ḍa da ba | Voiced unaspirated (club) |
| 21 | harighoṣa | gha jha ḍha dha bha | Voiced aspirated (conchshell) |
| 22 | hariveṇu | ṅa ña ṇa na ma | Nasals (flute) |
| 23 | viṣṇudāsa | viṣṇuvargas minus hariveṇus | The 20 stops (servants) |
| 24 | harimitra | ya ra la va | Semivowels (friends) |
| 25 | harigotra | śa ṣa sa ha | Sibilants + ha (family) |
| 26 | śauri | śa ṣa sa | Sibilants only |
| 27 | vaiṣṇava | viṣṇudāsas + harigotras | All hard consonants |
| 28 | gopāla | harigadā + harighoṣa + hariveṇu + harimitra + ha | All soft/voiced consonants |
| 29 | yādava | all viṣṇujanas minus gopālas | All hard consonants |
| 30 | sātvata | yādavas minus śauris | Hard stops only |
Vowel Classifications — See Sūtras 2–12 above
All vowel classification sūtras are now listed with exact PDF text and word-for-word meanings in the Alphabet & Varṇas section (Sūtras 2–12). Click "Alphabet & Varṇas" in the sidebar.
Quick Reference: Vowel Pairs (dvaya — Sūtra 36)
| Term | Varṇas | govinda (Sūtra 117) | vṛṣṇīndra (Sūtra 128) |
|---|---|---|---|
| a-dvaya | a, ā | — | ā |
| i-dvaya | i, ī | e | ai |
| u-dvaya | u, ū | o | au |
| ṛ-dvaya | ṛ, ṝ | ar | ār |
| ḷ-dvaya | ḷ, ḹ | al | āl |
Consonant Groups — See Sūtras 16–30 above
All consonant classification sūtras are now listed with exact PDF text and word-for-word meanings in the Alphabet & Varṇas section (Sūtras 16–30). Click "Alphabet & Varṇas" in the sidebar.
Quick Reference: Varga System (Sūtra 17)
| Varga | harikamala (18) | harikhaḍga (19) | harigadā (20) | harighoṣa (21) | hariveṇu (22) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ka-varga | ka | kha | ga | gha | ṅa |
| ca-varga | ca | cha | ja | jha | ña |
| ṭa-varga | ṭa | ṭha | ḍa | ḍha | ṇa |
| ta-varga | ta | tha | da | dha | na |
| pa-varga | pa | pha | ba | bha | ma |
Operations & Terms — See Sūtras 35–40 above
Sūtras 35–40 (rāma, dvaya, viriñci, viṣṇu, hara, sūtra types) are now listed with exact PDF text in the Alphabet & Varṇas section. The govinda/vṛṣṇīndra definitions are in Sūtras 117 and 128 (Chapter 2).
Quick Reference: Nāma-prakaraṇam Terms (from Chapter 2 sūtras)
| HNV Term | Pāṇinian | Sūtra | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| puruṣottama-liṅga | puṃliṅga | 89 | Masculine gender |
| lakṣmī-liṅga | strīliṅga | 89 | Feminine gender |
| brahma-liṅga | napuṃsakaliṅga | 89 | Neuter gender |
| avyaya | avyaya | 89 | Indeclinable |
| viṣṇubhakti | vibhakti / sup | 91 | Case ending |
| viṣṇupada | pada | 92 | Inflected word (formed by viṣṇubhakti) |
| yadu | — | 112 | Case endings from [ś]as onward |
| pāṇḍava | — | 129 | First 5 sv-ādis: s[u], au, [j]as, am, au |
| vṛṣṇi | ṅit endings | 118 | [ṅ]e, [ṅ]as[i], [ṅ]as, [ṅ]i |
| kṛṣṇa | a-anta | 96 | Word ending in a-rāma |
| hari | i/u-anta | 115 | Word ending in i or u |
| rādhā | āp-anta strī | 143 | Feminine word ending in ā[p] |
| gopī | ī/ū-anta strī | 153 | Feminine word ending in ī or ū |
| saṃsāra | — | 123 | Final varṇas from last sarveśvara |
| uddhava | — | 161 | Varṇa before the last |
| kṛṣṇasthāna | — | 162 | Strong case endings (pāṇḍavas + [ś]i) |
| bhagavat | — | 169 | Weak case endings (non-kṛṣṇasthāna sarveśvara-initial) |
| buddha | sambuddhi | 109 | Vocative s[u] (disappears after e/o/vāmana) |
Sūtra Types — See Sūtra 40 above
Sūtra 40 (sūtrāṇi ṣaḍ-vidhāni) states there are six kinds of sūtras. The six types are: (1) saṃjñā (definition), (2) paribhāṣā (interpretive rule), (3) vidhi (operational rule), (4) niyama (restriction), (5) atideśa (extension by analogy), (6) adhikāra (governing rule). See the Alphabet & Varṇas section for the full sūtra text.
Chapter 1B — Sandhi (Sūtras 41–86)
Phonetic combinations: vowel sandhi, consonant sandhi, visarga sandhi
What is Sandhi?
Sandhi (from sam + dhā = "putting together") refers to the phonetic changes that occur at word boundaries or within words when sounds meet. HNV divides sandhi into three types:
| Type | Sūtras | HNV Name | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vowel Sandhi | 42–60 | Sarveśvara-sandhi | Changes when two vowels meet |
| Consonant Sandhi | 61–78 | Viṣṇujana-sandhi | Changes at consonant junctions |
| Visarga Sandhi | 79–86 | Viṣṇusarga-sandhi | Changes involving ḥ (visarga) |
Vowel Sandhi (Sūtras 42–60)
Sūtra 42daśāvatāra ekātmake militvā trivikramaḥ
daśāvatāraḥ — a daśāvatāra; ekātmake — when an ekātmaka follows; militvā — joining; trivikramaḥ — trivikrama.
When a daśāvatāra is followed by its ekātmaka, it joins with the ekātmaka and becomes trivikrama. (e.g., a + a → ā; i + i → ī; u + u → ū)
When a daśāvatāra is followed by its ekātmaka, it joins with the ekātmaka and becomes trivikrama. (e.g., a + a → ā; i + i → ī; u + u → ū)
Sūtra 43a-dvayam i-dvaye e
a-dvayam — a-dvaya (a or ā); i-dvaye — when i-dvaya (i or ī) follows; e — e-rāma.
When a-dvaya is followed by i-dvaya, it joins with i-dvaya and becomes e.
When a-dvaya is followed by i-dvaya, it joins with i-dvaya and becomes e.
Sūtra 44a-dvayasya u-dvaye o
a/ā + u/ū → o (e.g., rāma + udaya → rāmodaya)
Sūtra 45a-dvayasya ṛ-dvaye ar
a/ā + ṛ/ṝ → ar (e.g., deva + ṛṣi → devarṣi)
Sūtra 46a-dvayasya e-ai-sthāne ai
a/ā + e/ai → ai (e.g., rāma + ekaḥ → rāmaikaḥ)
Sūtra 47a-dvayasya o-au-sthāne au
a/ā + o/au → au (e.g., rāma + oṣadhi → rāmauṣadhi)
Sūtra 48e-ai-sthāne ai, o-au-sthāne au — sarveśvare
e/ai + vowel → ay; o/au + vowel → av (before consonant: e→ay, o→av)
Sūtra 49o-dvaye au
o + o → au (e.g., kṛṣṇa + au → kṛṣṇau)
Sūtra 50i-dvayam eva yaḥ sarveśvare
i-dvayam — i-dvaya (i or ī); eva — only; yaḥ — ya-rāma; sarveśvare — when a sarveśvara follows.
I-dvaya becomes y when followed by a sarveśvara.
I-dvaya becomes y when followed by a sarveśvara.
Sūtra 51u-dvayaṃ vaḥ
u-dvayam — u-dvaya (u or ū); vaḥ — va-rāma.
U-dvaya becomes v when followed by a sarveśvara.
U-dvaya becomes v when followed by a sarveśvara.
Sūtra 52ṛ-dvayaṃ raḥ
ṛ-dvayam — ṛ-dvaya (ṛ or ṝ); raḥ — ra-rāma.
Ṛ-dvaya becomes r when followed by a sarveśvara.
Ṛ-dvaya becomes r when followed by a sarveśvara.
Key Vowel Sandhi Summary
| First vowel | + a/ā | + i/ī | + u/ū | + ṛ | + e/ai | + o/au |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a/ā | ā | e | o | ar | ai | au |
| i/ī | ya | ī | yu | yr | yai | yau |
| u/ū | va | vi | ū | vr | vai | vau |
| ṛ | ra | ri | ru | ṝ | rai | rau |
| e | e' | ay+i | ay+u | ay+ṛ | ay+e | ay+o |
| o | o' | av+i | av+u | av+ṛ | av+e | av+o |
Vowel Sandhi Examples
| Sūtra | Rule | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 42 | a + a → ā | rāma + arjuna | rāmārjuna |
| 42 | ā + ā → ā | mahā + ātmā | mahātmā |
| 43 | a + i → e | rāma + indra | rāmendra |
| 43 | a + ī → e | mahā + īśvara | maheśvara |
| 44 | a + u → o | rāma + udaya | rāmodaya |
| 44 | a + ū → o | mahā + ūrjā | mahorjā |
| 45 | a + ṛ → ar | deva + ṛṣi | devarṣi |
| 46 | a + e → ai | rāma + ekaḥ | rāmaikaḥ |
| 47 | a + o → au | mahā + oṣadhi | mahauṣadhi |
| 50 | i + a → ya | gopi + atra | gopyatra |
| 50 | ī + a → ya | devī + atra | devyatra |
| 50 | ī + au → yau | gopī + au | gopyau |
| 51 | u + a → va | madhu + ari | madhvari |
| 51 | ū + a → va | vadhū + atra | vadhvatra |
| 52 | ṛ + a → ra | pitṛ + ādau | pitrādau |
| 54 | e + a → e' | hare + atra | hare'tra |
| 55 | o + a → o' | viṣṇo + atra | viṣṇo'tra |
Consonant Sandhi (Sūtras 61–78)
Sūtra 61viṣṇudāso viṣṇupadānte harighoṣe ca harigadā
viṣṇudāsaḥ — a viṣṇudāsa; viṣṇupada-ante — when the viṣaya is viṣṇupadānta; harighoṣe — when a harighoṣa follows; ca — and; harigadā — harigadā.
A viṣṇudāsa at the end of a viṣṇupada becomes a harigadā; a viṣṇudāsa not at the end of a viṣṇupada becomes a harigadā only if a harighoṣa follows.
A viṣṇudāsa at the end of a viṣṇupada becomes a harigadā; a viṣṇudāsa not at the end of a viṣṇupada becomes a harigadā only if a harighoṣa follows.
Sūtra 62hariveṇau hariveṇur vā
hariveṇau — when a hariveṇu follows; hariveṇuḥ — hariveṇu; vā — optionally.
A viṣṇudāsa at the end of a viṣṇupada optionally becomes a hariveṇu when a hariveṇu follows.
A viṣṇudāsa at the end of a viṣṇupada optionally becomes a hariveṇu when a hariveṇu follows.
Sūtra 63yādava-mātre harikamalam
yādava-mātre — when any yādava follows; harikamalam — harikamala.
A viṣṇudāsa becomes a harikamala when any yādava follows.
A viṣṇudāsa becomes a harikamala when any yādava follows.
Sūtra 64tataḥ śaś cho vā
tataḥ — after that (a viṣṇudāsa); śaḥ — śa-rāma; chaḥ — cha-rāma; vā — optionally.
Śa-rāma that comes after a viṣṇudāsa optionally becomes cha-rāma.
Śa-rāma that comes after a viṣṇudāsa optionally becomes cha-rāma.
Sūtra 72mo viṣṇucakraṃ viṣṇujane
maḥ — ma-rāma; viṣṇucakram — viṣṇucakra (anusvāra); viṣṇujane — when a viṣṇujana follows.
Ma-rāma at the end of a viṣṇupada becomes viṣṇucakra (anusvāra ṃ) when a viṣṇujana follows.
Ma-rāma at the end of a viṣṇupada becomes viṣṇucakra (anusvāra ṃ) when a viṣṇujana follows.
Sūtra 73viṣṇucakrasya hariveṇur viṣṇuvargeṣu, viṣṇupadāntasya tu vā
viṣṇucakrasya — of viṣṇucakra; hariveṇuḥ — hariveṇu (nasal of the same varga); viṣṇuvargeṣu — when a viṣṇuvarga follows; viṣṇupadāntasya — of one situated at the end of a viṣṇupada; tu — but; vā — optionally.
Viṣṇucakra becomes a hariveṇu of the same varga when a viṣṇuvarga follows. But this is optional for a viṣṇucakra at the end of a viṣṇupada.
Viṣṇucakra becomes a hariveṇu of the same varga when a viṣṇuvarga follows. But this is optional for a viṣṇucakra at the end of a viṣṇupada.
Sūtra 75viṣṇupadāntāt trivikramād vā
viṣṇupadāntāt — at the end of a viṣṇupada; trivikramāt — after a trivikrama; vā — optionally.
Cha-rāma is optionally reduplicated when it comes after a trivikrama at the end of a viṣṇupada.
Cha-rāma is optionally reduplicated when it comes after a trivikrama at the end of a viṣṇupada.
Sūtra 76vāmanāt ṅa-ṇa-nā dviḥ sarveśvare
vāmanāt — after a vāmana; ṅa-ṇa-nāḥ — ṅa, ṇa, and na; dviḥ — two (reduplicated); sarveśvare — when a sarveśvara follows.
Ṅa, ṇa, and na at the end of a viṣṇupada are reduplicated when they come after a vāmana and a sarveśvara follows.
Ṅa, ṇa, and na at the end of a viṣṇupada are reduplicated when they come after a vāmana and a sarveśvara follows.
Sūtra 77ra-rāmāt [viṣṇujane viṣṇujano vā], sarveśvare tu harigotraṃ vinā
ra-rāmāt — after ra-rāma; sarveśvare — when a sarveśvara follows; tu — but; harigotra — harigotra; vinā — except.
A viṣṇujana after ra-rāma can optionally be reduplicated when a viṣṇujana follows. When a sarveśvara follows, a viṣṇujana (except a harigotra) after ra-rāma can also optionally be reduplicated.
A viṣṇujana after ra-rāma can optionally be reduplicated when a viṣṇujana follows. When a sarveśvara follows, a viṣṇujana (except a harigotra) after ra-rāma can also optionally be reduplicated.
Consonant Sandhi Examples
| Sūtra | Rule | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61 | Voiceless → voiced before voiced | vāk + deva | vāgdeva |
| 61 | t → d before voiced | bhagavat + bhyām | bhagavadbhyām |
| 62 | Stop → nasal before nasal (opt.) | vāk + naraḥ | vāṅnaraḥ (or vāgnaraḥ) |
| 63 | Stop → voiceless before voiceless | vāg + ca | vākca |
| 64 | ś → ch after stop (opt.) | tat + śrutvā | tacchrutvā (or tacśrutvā) |
| 72 | m → ṃ before consonant | kṛṣṇam + namāmi | kṛṣṇaṃ namāmi |
| 73 | ṃ → class nasal before varga | saṃ + gacchati | saṅgacchati |
| 73 | ṃ → class nasal before varga | saṃ + toṣa | santoṣa |
Visarga Sandhi (Sūtras 79–86)
Sūtra 79[viṣṇusargaḥ] ca-chayoḥ śa-rāmaḥ, ṭa-ṭhayoḥ ṣa-rāmaḥ, ta-thayoḥ sa-rāmaḥ
ca-chayoḥ — when ca or cha follows; śa-rāmaḥ — śa-rāma; ṭa-ṭhayoḥ — when ṭa or ṭha follows; ṣa-rāmaḥ — ṣa-rāma; ta-thayoḥ — when ta or tha follows; sa-rāmaḥ — sa-rāma.
Viṣṇusarga becomes ś before ca/cha, ṣ before ṭa/ṭha, and s before ta/tha.
Viṣṇusarga becomes ś before ca/cha, ṣ before ṭa/ṭha, and s before ta/tha.
Sūtra 80ād a-rāma-gopālayor ur nityam
āt — after a-rāma; a-rāma-gopālayoḥ — when a-rāma or a gopāla follows; uḥ — u-rāma; nityam — always.
A viṣṇusarga after a-rāma always becomes u when a-rāma or a gopāla follows. (e.g., rāmaḥ + atra → rāmo'tra)
A viṣṇusarga after a-rāma always becomes u when a-rāma or a gopāla follows. (e.g., rāmaḥ + atra → rāmo'tra)
Sūtra 81a-dvaya-bho-bhago-aghobhyo lopyaḥ [sarveśvara-gopālayoḥ], sarveśvare tu yaś ca, na ca lope sandhiḥ
a-dvaya-bho-bhago-aghobhyaḥ — after a-dvaya, bho, bhago, or agho; lopyaḥ — deleted; sarveśvare — when a sarveśvara follows; tu — but; yaḥ — ya-rāma; ca — also; na ca lope sandhiḥ — and when deleted, no further sandhi.
Viṣṇusarga after a-dvaya/bho/bhago/agho is deleted before a sarveśvara or gopāla. It can also become y before a sarveśvara. When deleted, no further sandhi occurs.
Viṣṇusarga after a-dvaya/bho/bhago/agho is deleted before a sarveśvara or gopāla. It can also become y before a sarveśvara. When deleted, no further sandhi occurs.
Sūtra 83ra īśvarāt sarveśvara-gopālayoḥ
raḥ — ra-rāma; īśvarāt — after an īśvara; sarveśvara-gopālayoḥ — when a sarveśvara or gopāla follows.
A viṣṇusarga after an īśvara becomes r when a sarveśvara or gopāla follows. (e.g., haviḥ + bhyām → havirbhyām)
A viṣṇusarga after an īśvara becomes r when a sarveśvara or gopāla follows. (e.g., haviḥ + bhyām → havirbhyām)
Sūtra 84a-rāmasya viṣṇusargasya haro 'rāme
a-rāmasya — of a-rāma; viṣṇusargasya — of viṣṇusarga; haraḥ — deletion; a-rāme — when a-rāma follows.
When a-rāma follows, both the viṣṇusarga and the preceding a-rāma are deleted. (e.g., rāmaḥ + asti → rāmo'sti — avagraha shown)
When a-rāma follows, both the viṣṇusarga and the preceding a-rāma are deleted. (e.g., rāmaḥ + asti → rāmo'sti — avagraha shown)
Sūtra 85āḥ sarveśvare
āḥ — āḥ (ā + viṣṇusarga); sarveśvare — when a sarveśvara follows.
When āḥ is followed by a sarveśvara, the viṣṇusarga is deleted. (e.g., rādhāḥ + uvāca → rādhā uvāca)
When āḥ is followed by a sarveśvara, the viṣṇusarga is deleted. (e.g., rādhāḥ + uvāca → rādhā uvāca)
Sūtra 86viṣṇusargasya ṣa-rāmaḥ ṭa-varge
viṣṇusargasya — of viṣṇusarga; ṣa-rāmaḥ — ṣa-rāma; ṭa-varge — when ṭa-varga follows.
Viṣṇusarga becomes ṣ when ṭa-varga follows.
Viṣṇusarga becomes ṣ when ṭa-varga follows.
Visarga Sandhi Examples
| Sūtra | Rule | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 79 | ḥ → ś before ca/cha | rāmaḥ + ca | rāmaśca |
| 79 | ḥ → ṣ before ṭa/ṭha | rāmaḥ + ṭīkā | rāmaṣṭīkā |
| 79 | ḥ → s before ta/tha | rāmaḥ + tarati | rāmastarati |
| 80 | aḥ + a/gopāla → o | rāmaḥ + gacchati | rāmo gacchati |
| 80 | aḥ + a → o' | rāmaḥ + asti | rāmo'sti |
| 81 | aḥ + vowel → a (deleted) | rāmaḥ + uvāca | rāma uvāca |
| 83 | iḥ/uḥ + vowel/gopāla → r | haviḥ + bhyām | havirbhyām |
| 83 | iḥ/uḥ + vowel/gopāla → r | guruḥ + atra | gurur atra |
| 84 | aḥ + a → o' (avagraha) | kṛṣṇaḥ + api | kṛṣṇo'pi |
| 85 | āḥ + vowel → ā | rādhāḥ + uvāca | rādhā uvāca |
| 86 | ḥ → ṣ before ṭa-varga | namaḥ + ṭīkā | namaṣṭīkā |
Chapter 2 — Nāma-prakaraṇam (Sūtras 87–259)
Noun declension: all paradigms for masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns
The 8 Cases (Viṣṇubhaktis)
| # | HNV Name | Pāṇinian | English | Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Prathamā | Prathamā | Nominative | Subject of verb; also vocative |
| 2 | Dvitīyā | Dvitīyā | Accusative | Direct object |
| 3 | Tṛtīyā | Tṛtīyā | Instrumental | By/with; agent in passive |
| 4 | Caturthī | Caturthī | Dative | For/to (beneficiary) |
| 5 | Pañcamī | Pañcamī | Ablative | From; source |
| 6 | Ṣaṣṭhī | Ṣaṣṭhī | Genitive | Of; possession |
| 7 | Saptamī | Saptamī | Locative | In/on/at |
| 8 | Sambodhana | Sambuddhi | Vocative | O! (addressing) |
Note: Sambodhana uses the same endings as Prathamā, but with special rules (buddha deletion after e/o/vāmana). The vocative particle he is often added.
Viṣṇubhakti Endings (Raw & After Sandhi)
Raw Endings (with indicatory letters)
| Case | Eka-vacana (Sg.) | Dvi-vacana (Du.) | Bahu-vacana (Pl.) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | s[u] | au | [j]as |
| Dvitīyā | am | au | [ś]as |
| Tṛtīyā | [ṭ]ā | bhyām | bhis |
| Caturthī | [ṅ]e | bhyām | bhyas |
| Pañcamī | [ṅ]as[i] | bhyām | bhyas |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | [ṅ]as | os | ām |
| Saptamī | [ṅ]i | os | su[p] |
| Sambodhana | s[u] | au | [j]as |
Cleaned Endings (After Sandhi — Sūtra 112 Saṃśodhinī)
| Case | Sg. | Du. | Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | ḥ | au | aḥ |
| Dvitīyā | am | au | aḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | ā | bhyām | bhiḥ |
| Caturthī | e | bhyām | bhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | aḥ | bhyām | bhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | aḥ | oḥ | ām |
| Saptamī | i | oḥ | su |
| Sambodhana | ḥ | au | aḥ |
Masc. A-stem: kṛṣṇa / rāma
Masculinea-stem
Applicable Sūtras
93 sa-ra-rāmayor viṣṇusargo viṣṇupadānte
sa-ra-rāmayoḥ — of s and r; viṣṇusargaḥ — viṣṇusarga (ḥ); viṣṇupada-ante — at the end of a viṣṇupada.
S and r become ḥ at the end of a viṣṇupada.
S and r become ḥ at the end of a viṣṇupada.
94 daśāvatārād am-śasor a-rāma-haraḥ
daśāvatārāt — after a daśāvatāra; am-śasoḥ — of am and [ś]as; a-rāma-haraḥ — deletion of a.
When am or [ś]as comes after a daśāvatāra, its a is deleted.
When am or [ś]as comes after a daśāvatāra, its a is deleted.
95 daśāvatārasya trivikramaḥ śasi, tasmāt so naḥ puṃsi
daśāvatārasya — of a daśāvatāra; trivikramaḥ — trivikrama; śasi — when [ś]as follows; tasmāt — after that; saḥ — s; naḥ — n; puṃsi — in masculine.
A daśāvatāra becomes trivikrama before [ś]as. Then s → n in masculine.
A daśāvatāra becomes trivikrama before [ś]as. Then s → n in masculine.
96 a-rāmāntaḥ kṛṣṇa-saṃjñaḥ
a-rāma-antaḥ — ending in a; kṛṣṇa-saṃjñaḥ — called kṛṣṇa.
Any nāma ending in a-rāma is called kṛṣṇa.
Any nāma ending in a-rāma is called kṛṣṇa.
97 kṛṣṇāt ṭā inaḥ
kṛṣṇāt — after a kṛṣṇa; ṭāḥ — of [ṭ]ā; inaḥ — the replacement ina.
After a kṛṣṇa, [ṭ]ā is replaced by ina.
After a kṛṣṇa, [ṭ]ā is replaced by ina.
98 kṛṣṇasya trivikramo gopāle
kṛṣṇasya — of a kṛṣṇa; trivikramaḥ — trivikrama; gopāle — when a gopāla follows.
The final a of a kṛṣṇa becomes ā when a gopāla follows.
The final a of a kṛṣṇa becomes ā when a gopāla follows.
99 kṛṣṇād bhisa ais
kṛṣṇāt — after a kṛṣṇa; bhisaḥ — of bhis; ais — the replacement ais.
After a kṛṣṇa, bhis is replaced by ais.
After a kṛṣṇa, bhis is replaced by ais.
100 kṛṣṇāt ṇer yaḥ
kṛṣṇāt — after a kṛṣṇa; ṇeḥ — of [ṇ]e; yaḥ — the replacement ya.
After a kṛṣṇa, [ṇ]e is replaced by ya.
After a kṛṣṇa, [ṇ]e is replaced by ya.
101 kṛṣṇasya e vaiṣṇave bahutve
kṛṣṇasya — of a kṛṣṇa; e — e-rāma; vaiṣṇave — when a vaiṣṇava follows; bahutve — in plural.
In plural, the final a of a kṛṣṇa becomes e when a vaiṣṇava follows.
In plural, the final a of a kṛṣṇa becomes e when a vaiṣṇava follows.
102 kṛṣṇāt ṇaser āt
kṛṣṇāt — after a kṛṣṇa; ṇaseḥ — of [ṇ]as[i]; āt — the replacement āt.
After a kṛṣṇa, [ṇ]as[i] is replaced by āt.
After a kṛṣṇa, [ṇ]as[i] is replaced by āt.
103 kṛṣṇāt ṇasaḥ sya
kṛṣṇāt — after a kṛṣṇa; ṇasaḥ — of [ṇ]as; sya — the replacement sya.
After a kṛṣṇa, [ṇ]as is replaced by sya.
After a kṛṣṇa, [ṇ]as is replaced by sya.
104 kṛṣṇasya e osi
kṛṣṇasya — of a kṛṣṇa; e — e-rāma; osi — when os follows.
The final a of a kṛṣṇa becomes e when os follows.
The final a of a kṛṣṇa becomes e when os follows.
110 e-o-vāmanebhyo buddhasyādarśanam
e-o-vāmanebhyaḥ — after e, o, or vāmana; buddhasya — of buddha; adarśanam — disappearance.
Buddha disappears after e, o, or vāmana.
Buddha disappears after e, o, or vāmana.
111 ra-ṣa-ṛ-dvayebhyo nasya ṇaḥ … samāna-viṣṇupade
ra-ṣa-ṛ-dvayebhyaḥ — after r, ṣ, or ṛ-dvaya; nasya — of n; ṇaḥ — ṇ; samāna-viṣṇupade — in the same viṣṇupada.
N becomes ṇ after r/ṣ/ṛ in the same viṣṇupada.
N becomes ṇ after r/ṣ/ṛ in the same viṣṇupada.
kṛṣṇa (a-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | kṛṣṇaḥ | kṛṣṇau | kṛṣṇāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | kṛṣṇam | kṛṣṇau | kṛṣṇān |
| Tṛtīyā | kṛṣṇena | kṛṣṇābhyām | kṛṣṇaiḥ |
| Caturthī | kṛṣṇāya | kṛṣṇābhyām | kṛṣṇebhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | kṛṣṇāt | kṛṣṇābhyām | kṛṣṇebhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | kṛṣṇasya | kṛṣṇayoḥ | kṛṣṇānām |
| Saptamī | kṛṣṇe | kṛṣṇayoḥ | kṛṣṇeṣu |
| Sambodhana | kṛṣṇa | kṛṣṇau | kṛṣṇāḥ |
rāma (a-stem masc., with ṇatva)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | rāmaḥ | rāmau | rāmāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | rāmam | rāmau | rāmān |
| Tṛtīyā | rāmeṇa | rāmābhyām | rāmaiḥ |
| Caturthī | rāmāya | rāmābhyām | rāmebhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | rāmāt | rāmābhyām | rāmebhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | rāmasya | rāmayoḥ | rāmāṇām |
| Saptamī | rāme | rāmayoḥ | rāmeṣu |
| Sambodhana | rāma | rāmau | rāmāḥ |
Masc. A-stem with Optional Consonant: pāda
Masculinea-stem (opt. pad)
Sūtra 113pāda danta māsa yūṣa → pad dat māś yūṣan (optionally before yadus)
The words pāda (foot), danta (tooth), māsa (month), yūṣa (soup) are optionally replaced by pad, dat, māś, yūṣan before yadu endings. When replaced, they decline like consonant-stem words.
pāda (a-stem / opt. pad consonant-stem)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | pādaḥ | pādau | pādāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | pādam | pādau | pādān / padaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | pādena / padā | pādābhyām / padbhyām | pādaiḥ / padbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | pādāya / pade | pādābhyām / padbhyām | pādebhyaḥ / padbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | pādāt / padaḥ | pādābhyām / padbhyām | pādebhyaḥ / padbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | pādasya / padaḥ | pādayoḥ / padoḥ | pādānām / padām |
| Saptamī | pāde / padi | pādayoḥ / padoḥ | pādeṣu / patsu |
| Sambodhana | pāda | pādau | pādāḥ |
Masc. Ā-stem (Dhātu): viśva-pā
Masculineā-stem (dhātu)
Sūtra 114ā-rāma-haro yadu-sarveśvare, na tv āpaḥ
Ā-rāma is deleted when a yadu beginning with a sarveśvara follows. (Not the ā of ā[p].)
viśva-pā = "protector of all" (from dhātu pā rakṣaṇe). Also: soma-pā, viśva-bhā, etc. The feminine viśva-pā declines identically.
viśva-pā (ā-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | viśva-pāḥ | viśva-pau | viśva-pāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | viśva-pām | viśva-pau | viśva-paḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | viśva-pā | viśva-pābhyām | viśva-pābhiḥ |
| Caturthī | viśva-pe | viśva-pābhyām | viśva-pābhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | viśva-paḥ | viśva-pābhyām | viśva-pābhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | viśva-paḥ | viśva-poḥ | viśva-pām |
| Saptamī | viśva-pi | viśva-poḥ | viśva-pāsu |
| Sambodhana | viśva-pāḥ | viśva-pau | viśva-pāḥ |
Masc. I-stem: hari
Masculinei-stem
Applicable Sūtras
115 i-u-rāmānto hari-saṃjñaḥ
i-u-rāmāntaḥ — ending in i or u; hari-saṃjñaḥ — called hari.
Any nāma ending in i or u is called hari.
Any nāma ending in i or u is called hari.
116 haritaḥ au pūrva-savarṇaḥ
haritaḥ — after a hari; au — the viṣṇubhakti au; pūrva-savarṇaḥ — same as the preceding varṇa.
After a hari, au becomes the same as the preceding varṇa.
After a hari, au becomes the same as the preceding varṇa.
119 harer govindo jasi vṛṣṇiṣu buddhe ca
hareḥ — of a hari; govindaḥ — govinda; jasi — when [j]as follows; vṛṣṇiṣu — when vṛṣṇis follow; buddhe — when buddha follows; ca — and.
A hari takes govinda when [j]as, a vṛṣṇi, or buddha follows.
A hari takes govinda when [j]as, a vṛṣṇi, or buddha follows.
120 haritaṣ ṭā nā, na tu lakṣmyām
haritaḥ — after a hari; ṭā — of [ṭ]ā; nā — the replacement nā; na tu lakṣmyām — but not in feminine.
After a hari, [ṭ]ā is replaced by nā, but not in feminine.
After a hari, [ṭ]ā is replaced by nā, but not in feminine.
121 e-obhyāṃ ṇasi-ṇasor a-rāma-haraḥ
e-obhyām — after e and o; ṇasi-ṇasoḥ — of [ṇ]as[i] and [ṇ]as; a-rāma-haraḥ — deletion of a.
After e or o, the a of [ṇ]as[i] and [ṇ]as is deleted.
After e or o, the a of [ṇ]as[i] and [ṇ]as is deleted.
122 harito ṇer auc
haritaḥ — after a hari; ṇeḥ — of [ṇ]i; auc — the replacement au[c].
After a hari, [ṇ]i is replaced by au[c].
After a hari, [ṇ]i is replaced by au[c].
124 saṃsārasya haraś citi
saṃsārasya — of the saṃsāra; haraḥ — deletion; c-iti — when a c-indicatory pratyaya follows.
The saṃsāra is deleted when a c-indicatory pratyaya follows.
The saṃsāra is deleted when a c-indicatory pratyaya follows.
105 vāmana-gopī-rādhābhyo nuṭ āmi
vāmana-gopī-rādhābhyaḥ — after a vāmana, gopī, or rādhā; nuṭ — the āgama n[uṭ]; āmi — when ām follows.
n[uṭ] is inserted after a vāmana, gopī, or rādhā when ām follows.
n[uṭ] is inserted after a vāmana, gopī, or rādhā when ām follows.
107 vāmanasya trivikramo nāmi
vāmanasya — of a vāmana; trivikramaḥ — trivikrama; nāmi — when nām follows.
A vāmana becomes trivikrama when nām follows.
A vāmana becomes trivikrama when nām follows.
108 īśvara-harimitra-ka-ṇebhyaḥ pratyaya-viriñci-sasya ṣaḥ
īśvara-harimitra-ka-ṇebhyaḥ — after an īśvara, harimitra, k, or ṇ; pratyaya-viriñci-sasya — of the s of a pratyaya or viriñci; ṣaḥ — ṣ.
The s of a pratyaya or viriñci becomes ṣ after an īśvara, harimitra, k, or ṇ.
The s of a pratyaya or viriñci becomes ṣ after an īśvara, harimitra, k, or ṇ.
111 ra-ṣa-ṛ-dvayebhyo nasya ṇaḥ
ra-ṣa-ṛ-dvayebhyaḥ — after r, ṣ, or ṛ-dvaya; nasya — of n; ṇaḥ — ṇ.
N becomes ṇ after r/ṣ/ṛ in the same viṣṇupada.
N becomes ṇ after r/ṣ/ṛ in the same viṣṇupada.
hari (i-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | hariḥ | harī | harayaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | harim | harī | harīn |
| Tṛtīyā | hariṇā | haribhyām | haribhiḥ |
| Caturthī | haraye | haribhyām | haribhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | hareḥ | haribhyām | haribhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | hareḥ | haryoḥ | harīṇām |
| Saptamī | harau | haryoḥ | hariṣu |
| Sambodhana | hare | harī | harayaḥ |
Also declined like hari: kavi (poet), muni (sage), agni (fire), vāri (water — neut.), etc.
Numerals: tri (3, masc.) and kati (how many?)
MasculineNumeral (always plural)
Sūtra 126ṣa-nānta-saṃkhyātaḥ kateś ca jas-śasor mahāharaḥ svārthe
[j]as and [ś]as undergo mahāhara (complete deletion) after numerals ending in ṣ or n, and after kati.
Sūtra 125treḥ trayo nāmi svārthe
tri → traya before nām (gen. pl.).
tri is vācya-liṅga (adjectival) and always used in bahu-vacana (plural only). kati (how many?) follows the same pattern.
tri (3, masc. pl. only)
| Case | Plural |
|---|---|
| Prathamā | trayaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | trīn |
| Tṛtīyā | tribhiḥ |
| Caturthī | tribhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | tribhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | trayāṇām |
| Saptamī | triṣu |
kati (how many?, pl. only)
| Case | Plural |
|---|---|
| Prathamā | kati |
| Dvitīyā | kati |
| Tṛtīyā | katibhiḥ |
| Caturthī | katibhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | katibhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | katīnām |
| Saptamī | katiṣu |
| Sambodhana | kati |
Masc. Irregular I-stem: sakhi
Masculinei-stem (irregular)
Sūtra 127ṛ-rāma-sakhibhyām … sor āc, buddhaṃ vinā
After ṛ-rāma and sakhi, s[u] (except buddha) is replaced by ā[c].
Sūtra 130sakhyur vṛṣṇīndraḥ su-varjaṃ pāṇḍaveṣu
sakhi takes vṛṣṇīndra (i→ai→āy) when any pāṇḍava except s[u] follows.
Sūtra 131na sakhir hari-saṃjñaṣ ṭādau
sakhi is NOT a hari when [ṭ]ā or later endings follow (so no govinda/nā).
Sūtra 132khya-tyābhyāṃ ṅasi-ṅasor us
After words ending in khi/khī/ti/tī, [ṅ]as[i] and [ṅ]as → us.
Sūtra 133sakhi-patibhyāṃ ṅer au
After sakhi and pati, [ṅ]i → au.
pati (master/husband): Cases 1–2 like hari; Cases 3–7 like sakhi (when not in compound). In compound: all cases like hari.
sakhi (irreg. i-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | sakhā | sakhāyau | sakhāyaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | sakhāyam | sakhāyau | sakhīn |
| Tṛtīyā | sakhyā | sakhibhyām | sakhibhiḥ |
| Caturthī | sakhye | sakhibhyām | sakhibhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | sakhyuḥ | sakhibhyām | sakhibhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | sakhyuḥ | sakhyoḥ | sakhīnām |
| Saptamī | sakhyau | sakhyoḥ | sakhiṣu |
| Sambodhana | sakhe | sakhāyau | sakhāyaḥ |
Masc. U-stem: viṣṇu
Masculineu-stem
viṣṇu uses the same hari-sūtras (115–124). u+au→ū (Sūtra 116); u→o before [j]as/vṛṣṇis/buddha (Sūtra 119); [ṭ]ā→nā (Sūtra 120); [ṅ]i→au[c] (Sūtra 122). Also: guru, sādhu, bhānu, etc.
viṣṇu (u-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | viṣṇuḥ | viṣṇū | viṣṇavaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | viṣṇum | viṣṇū | viṣṇūn |
| Tṛtīyā | viṣṇunā | viṣṇubhyām | viṣṇubhiḥ |
| Caturthī | viṣṇave | viṣṇubhyām | viṣṇubhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | viṣṇoḥ | viṣṇubhyām | viṣṇubhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | viṣṇoḥ | viṣṇvoḥ | viṣṇūnām |
| Saptamī | viṣṇau | viṣṇvoḥ | viṣṇuṣu |
| Sambodhana | viṣṇo | viṣṇū | viṣṇavaḥ |
Masc. É-stem (Dhātu): viśva-né
Masculineé-stem (dhātu, bahula)
Sūtra 134dhātor ēd-ūtor iy-uvau sarveśvare bahulam
The é or ū of a dhātu changes to iy or uv before a vowel-beginning viṣṇubhakti (bahula = variously applied).
Sūtra 135né-rādhābhyāṃ ṅer ām
After né or a rādhā, [ṅ]i → ām (loc. sg.).
viśva-né = "leader of the universe". Also: kṛṣṇa-sukhī, ananté. The rule is bahula — not always applied. In 6th pl., viśva-nyām (ā[m] instead of ānām).
viśva-né (é-stem masc., bahula)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | viśva-néḥ | viśva-nyau | viśva-nyaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | viśva-nyam | viśva-nyau | viśva-nyaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | viśva-nyā | viśva-nébhyām | viśva-nébhiḥ |
| Caturthī | viśva-nye | viśva-nébhyām | viśva-nébhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | viśva-nyaḥ | viśva-nébhyām | viśva-nébhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | viśva-nyaḥ | viśva-nyoḥ | viśva-nyām |
| Saptamī | viśva-nyām | viśva-nyoḥ | viśva-nīṣu |
| Sambodhana | viśva-néḥ | viśva-nyau | viśva-nyaḥ |
Masc. Ṛ-stem: pitṛ (father)
Masculineṛ-stem (pitṛ-type)
Sūtra 127ṛ-rāma-sakhibhyām … sor āc, buddhaṃ vinā
After ṛ-rāma, s[u] → ā[c] (gives pitā <1.1>).
Sūtra 136ṛ-rāmasya govindaḥ pāṇḍaveṣu ṅau ca
ṛ-rāma takes govinda (ṛ→ar) when pāṇḍavas or [ṅ]i follow.
Sūtra 137ṛ-rāmato ṅasi-ṅasor asya uc
After ṛ-rāma, the a of [ṅ]as[i] and [ṅ]as → u[c] (gives pituḥ).
Sūtra 138rādhā-viṣṇujanābhyām … sor haraḥ
s[u] is deleted after a rādhā, viṣṇujana, or trivikrama é[p]-ending word.
pitṛ-type (no vṛṣṇīndra in nom.): pitā, pitarau, pitaraḥ. Also: nṛ (man) — same as pitṛ; gen. pl. optionally nṝṇām or nṛṇām.
pitṛ (ṛ-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | pitā | pitarau | pitaraḥ |
| Dvitīyā | pitaram | pitarau | pitṝn |
| Tṛtīyā | pitrā | pitṛbhyām | pitṛbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | pitre | pitṛbhyām | pitṛbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | pituḥ | pitṛbhyām | pitṛbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | pituḥ | pitroḥ | pitṝṇām |
| Saptamī | pitari | pitroḥ | pitṛṣu |
| Sambodhana | pitaḥ | pitarau | pitaraḥ |
Masc. Ṛ-stem: kartṛ (doer, agent noun)
Masculineṛ-stem (tṛl/tṛn-type)
Sūtra 139svasṛ-tṛl-tṛn-pratyayāntānāṃ vṛṣṇīndraḥ su-varjaṃ pāṇḍaveṣu
Words ending in tṛ[l] or tṛ[n] (agent nouns) take vṛṣṇīndra (ṛ→ār) when any pāṇḍava except s[u] follows.
kartṛ-type (vṛṣṇīndra in nom.): kartā, kartārau, kartāraḥ. Agent nouns: hartṛ, bhoktṛ, draṣṭṛ, etc. Exception: pitṛ, mātṛ, bhrātṛ, yātṛ, jāmātṛ, duhitṛ follow pitṛ-type.
kartṛ (ṛ-stem masc., tṛl/tṛn)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | kartā | kartārau | kartāraḥ |
| Dvitīyā | kartāram | kartārau | kartṝn |
| Tṛtīyā | kartrā | kartṛbhyām | kartṛbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | kartre | kartṛbhyām | kartṛbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | kartuḥ | kartṛbhyām | kartṛbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | kartuḥ | kartroḥ | kartṝṇām |
| Saptamī | kartari | kartroḥ | kartṛṣu |
| Sambodhana | kartaḥ | kartārau | kartāraḥ |
Masc. Ai-stem: kṛṣṇa-rai
Masculineai-stem
Sūtra 140rāya ā sa-bhoḥ
The ai of rai → ā when a viṣṇubhakti beginning with sa-rāma or bha-rāma follows.
kṛṣṇa-rai = "the opulence of Kṛṣṇa". The standalone word rai (opulence) declines the same way.
kṛṣṇa-rai (ai-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | kṛṣṇa-rāḥ | kṛṣṇa-rāyau | kṛṣṇa-rāyaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | kṛṣṇa-rāyam | kṛṣṇa-rāyau | kṛṣṇa-rāyaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | kṛṣṇa-rāyā | kṛṣṇa-rābhyām | kṛṣṇa-rābhiḥ |
| Caturthī | kṛṣṇa-rāye | kṛṣṇa-rābhyām | kṛṣṇa-rābhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | kṛṣṇa-rāyaḥ | kṛṣṇa-rābhyām | kṛṣṇa-rābhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | kṛṣṇa-rāyaḥ | kṛṣṇa-rāyoḥ | kṛṣṇa-rāyām |
| Saptamī | kṛṣṇa-rāyi | kṛṣṇa-rāyoḥ | kṛṣṇa-rāsu |
| Sambodhana | kṛṣṇa-rāḥ | kṛṣṇa-rāyau | kṛṣṇa-rāyaḥ |
Masc. O-stem: go (bull/cow)
Masculineo-stem (irregular)
Sūtra 141o au pāṇḍaveṣu
o-rāma → au-rāma when the pāṇḍavas follow.
Sūtra 142o ā am-śasoḥ, na ca so naḥ
o-rāma → ā when am or [ś]as follows; the s of [ś]as does NOT become n.
go in feminine gender: same declension. dyo (sky, fem.) declines like go.
go (o-stem masc./fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | gauḥ | gāvau | gāvaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | gām | gāvau | gāḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | gavā | gobhyām | gobhiḥ |
| Caturthī | gave | gobhyām | gobhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | goḥ | gobhyām | gobhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | goḥ | gavoḥ | gavām |
| Saptamī | gavi | gavoḥ | goṣu |
| Sambodhana | gauḥ | gāvau | gāvaḥ |
Masc. Au-stem: glau (moon)
Masculineau-stem
glau = moon. The feminine word nau (boat) is declined exactly like glau.
glau (au-stem masc.) / nau (au-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | glauḥ | glāvau | glāvaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | glāvam | glāvau | glāvaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | glāvā | glaubhyām | glaubhiḥ |
| Caturthī | glāve | glaubhyām | glaubhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | glāvaḥ | glaubhyām | glaubhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | glāvaḥ | glāvoḥ | glāvām |
| Saptamī | glāvi | glāvoḥ | glauṣu |
| Sambodhana | glauḥ | glāvau | glāvaḥ |
nau (boat, fem.): nauḥ, nāvau, nāvaḥ | nāvam, nāvau, nāvaḥ | nāvā, naubhyām, naubhiḥ | nāve, naubhyām, naubhyaḥ | nāvaḥ, naubhyām, naubhyaḥ | nāvaḥ, nāvoḥ, nāvām | nāvi, nāvoḥ, nauṣu | nauḥ, nāvau, nāvaḥ
Fem. Ā-stem: rādhā
Feminineā-stem (rādhā)
Sūtra 143tatrāp-anta-lakṣmī rādhā-saṃjñā
A feminine word ending in ā[p] is called rādhā.
Sūtra 144rādhā-brahmābhyām au ī
After a rādhā or brahma (neuter), au → ī.
Sūtra 145rādhāyā e ṭāusor buddhe ca
The final ā of a rādhā → e before [ṭ]ā, os, or buddha.
Sūtra 146rādhāto yāp vṛṣṇiṣu
yā[p] is inserted after a rādhā when the vṛṣṇis follow.
Also: sītā, devī, māyā, gopikā, etc. The ambādis (ambā, akkā, allā, appā, abbā) have voc. sg. = amba, akka, etc. (vāmana by Sūtra 147).
rādhā (ā-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | rādhā | rādhe | rādhāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | rādhām | rādhe | rādhāḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | rādhayā | rādhābhyām | rādhābhiḥ |
| Caturthī | rādhāyai | rādhābhyām | rādhābhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | rādhāyāḥ | rādhābhyām | rādhābhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | rādhāyāḥ | rādhayoḥ | rādhānām |
| Saptamī | rādhāyām | rādhayoḥ | rādhāsu |
| Sambodhana | rādhe | rādhe | rādhāḥ |
Fem. Ā-stem with Optional jaras: jarā
Feminineā-stem (opt. jaras)
Sūtra 148jarāyā jaras vā sarveśvare
The word jarā is optionally replaced by jaras when a viṣṇubhakti beginning with a sarveśvara follows.
jarā = old age. The masculine word nirjara (demigod/nectar) also optionally replaces its jara portion with jaras.
jarā (ā-stem fem., opt. jaras)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | jarā | jare / jarasau / jarasī | jarāḥ / jarasaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | jarām / jarasam | jare / jarasau / jarasī | jarāḥ / jarasaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | jarayā / jarasā | jarābhyām | jarābhiḥ |
| Caturthī | jarāyai / jarase | jarābhyām | jarābhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | jarāyāḥ / jarasaḥ | jarābhyām | jarābhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | jarāyāḥ / jarasaḥ | jarayoḥ / jarasoḥ | jarāṇām / jarasām |
| Saptamī | jarāyām / jarasi | jarayoḥ / jarasoḥ | jarāsu |
| Sambodhana | jare | jare / jarasau / jarasī | jarāḥ / jarasaḥ |
Fem. Ā-stem with Optional Consonant: niśā / nāsikā
Feminineā-stem (opt. niś/nas)
Sūtra 149atra niśā-nāsikayoḥ niś-nasāv ādeśau yaduṣu vā
niśā optionally → niś; nāsikā optionally → nas before yadu endings. When replaced, they decline like consonant-stem words.
niśā (ā-stem / opt. niś)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | niśā | niśe | niśāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | niśām | niśe | niśāḥ / niśaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | niśayā / niśā | niśābhyām / nijbhyām | niśābhiḥ / nijbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | niśāyai / niśe | niśābhyām / nijbhyām | niśābhyaḥ / nijbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | niśāyāḥ / niśaḥ | niśābhyām / nijbhyām | niśābhyaḥ / nijbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | niśāyāḥ / niśaḥ | niśayoḥ / niśoḥ | niśānām / niśām |
| Saptamī | niśāyām / niśi | niśayoḥ / niśoḥ | niśāsu / niccu / nicchu |
| Sambodhana | niśe | niśe | niśāḥ |
nāsikā (ā-stem / opt. nas)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | nāsikā | nāsike | nāsikāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | nāsikām | nāsike | nāsikāḥ / nasaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | nāsikayā / nasā | nāsikābhyām / nobhyām | nāsikābhiḥ / nobhiḥ |
| Caturthī | nāsikāyai / nase | nāsikābhyām / nobhyām | nāsikābhyaḥ / nobhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | nāsikāyāḥ / nasaḥ | nāsikābhyām / nobhyām | nāsikābhyaḥ / nobhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | nāsikāyāḥ / nasaḥ | nāsikayoḥ / nasoḥ | nāsikānām / nasām |
| Saptamī | nāsikāyām / nasi | nāsikayoḥ / nasoḥ | nāsikāsu / naḥsu |
| Sambodhana | nāsike | nāsike | nāsikāḥ |
Fem. I-stem: bhakti
Femininei-stem
Sūtra 150haritaḥ āp vā vṛṣṇiṣu lakṣmyāṃ, nityaṃ gopyāḥ
ā[p] is optionally inserted after a hari in the feminine gender when vṛṣṇis follow; always after a gopī.
bhakti = devotion. Also: śakti (power), gati (movement), mati (thought), etc. Two forms in cases 4–7 sg.: with ā[p] (gopī-like) or without (hari-like).
bhakti (i-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | bhaktiḥ | bhaktī | bhaktayaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | bhaktim | bhaktī | bhaktīḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | bhaktyā | bhaktibhyām | bhaktibhiḥ |
| Caturthī | bhaktaye / bhaktyai | bhaktibhyām | bhaktibhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | bhakteḥ / bhaktyāḥ | bhaktibhyām | bhaktibhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | bhakteḥ / bhaktyāḥ | bhaktyoḥ | bhaktīnām |
| Saptamī | bhaktau / bhaktyām | bhaktyoḥ | bhaktiṣu |
| Sambodhana | bhakte | bhaktī | bhaktayaḥ |
Fem. U-stem: dhenu
Feminineu-stem
dhenu = cow. Also: vastu (thing), dhātu (element — when fem.). Two forms in cases 4–7 sg.: with ā[p] (gopī-like) or without (hari-like). Sūtra 150 applies.
dhenu (u-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | dhenuḥ | dhenū | dhenavaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | dhenum | dhenū | dhenūḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | dhenvā | dhenubhyām | dhenubhiḥ |
| Caturthī | dhenave / dhenvai | dhenubhyām | dhenubhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | dhenoḥ / dhenvāḥ | dhenubhyām | dhenubhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | dhenoḥ / dhenvāḥ | dhenvoḥ | dhenūnām |
| Saptamī | dhenau / dhenvām | dhenvoḥ | dhenuṣu |
| Sambodhana | dheno | dhenū | dhenavaḥ |
Fem. Numeral: tiṣṛ (feminine of tri, 3)
FeminineNumeral (always plural)
Sūtra 151lakṣmī-sthayos tri-caturoḥ tiṣṛ-catasṛ viṣṇubhaktau
When tri and catur are used in the feminine gender, they are replaced by tiṣṛ and catasṛ respectively.
Sūtra 152tiṣṛ-catasro raḥ sarveśvare
The ṛ of tiṣṛ and catasṛ → r before a vowel-beginning viṣṇubhakti.
tiṣṛ (fem. of tri, pl. only)
| Case | Plural |
|---|---|
| Prathamā | tisraḥ |
| Dvitīyā | tisraḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | tiṣṛbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | tiṣṛbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | tiṣṛbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | tiṣṛṇām |
| Saptamī | tiṣṛṣu |
Fem. Ī-stem: gopī / sakhī
Feminineī-stem (gopī)
Sūtra 153ī-ū-lakṣmīr gopī-saṃjñā
A feminine word ending in ī or ū is called gopī.
gopī = cowherd woman. Also: nadī (river), devī (goddess), sakhī (female friend), lakṣmī (see separate entry). Sūtra 150 applies always (nityam) for gopī. Voc. sg. = gopi (vāmana by Sūtra 147).
gopī (ī-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | gopī | gopyau | gopyaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | gopīm | gopyau | gopīḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | gopyā | gopībhyām | gopībhiḥ |
| Caturthī | gopyai | gopībhyām | gopībhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | gopyāḥ | gopībhyām | gopībhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | gopyāḥ | gopyoḥ | gopīnām |
| Saptamī | gopyām | gopyoḥ | gopīṣu |
| Sambodhana | gopi | gopyau | gopyaḥ |
Fem. Ū-stem: vadhū
Feminineū-stem (gopī, always ā[p])
vadhū = young bride. Sūtra 153 (gopī-saṃjñā) + Sūtra 150 nityam (ā[p] always applied). ū→v before vowels. Voc. sg. = vadhu (vāmana).
vadhū (ū-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | vadhūḥ | vadhvau | vadhvaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | vadhūm | vadhvau | vadhūḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | vadhvā | vadhūbhyām | vadhūbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | vadhvai | vadhūbhyām | vadhūbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | vadhvāḥ | vadhūbhyām | vadhūbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | vadhvāḥ | vadhvoḥ | vadhūnām |
| Saptamī | vadhvām | vadhvoḥ | vadhūṣu |
| Sambodhana | vadhu | vadhvau | vadhvaḥ |
Fem. Ī-stem (Uṇādi): lakṣmī
Feminineī-stem (uṇādi, no s[u] deletion)
Sūtra 154avī-tantrī-tarī-lakṣmī-hrī-dhī-śrīṇām uṇādinā … su-lopo na kadācana
The uṇādi words avī, tantrī, tarī, lakṣmī, hrī, dhī, śrī never undergo deletion of s[u].
lakṣmī = goddess of fortune. Declined like gopī except: nom. sg. = lakṣmīḥ (s[u] NOT deleted). Similarly: hrī (shyness), dhī (intelligence).
lakṣmī (uṇādi ī-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | lakṣmīḥ | lakṣmyau | lakṣmyaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | lakṣmīm | lakṣmyau | lakṣmīḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | lakṣmyā | lakṣmībhyām | lakṣmībhiḥ |
| Caturthī | lakṣmyai | lakṣmībhyām | lakṣmībhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | lakṣmyāḥ | lakṣmībhyām | lakṣmībhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | lakṣmyāḥ | lakṣmyoḥ | lakṣmīṇām |
| Saptamī | lakṣmyām | lakṣmyoḥ | lakṣmīṣu |
| Sambodhana | lakṣmīḥ | lakṣmyau | lakṣmyaḥ |
Fem. Ī-stem (Irregular): strī
Feminineī-stem (irregular, iy-change)
Sūtra 155strī-bhruvor iy-uvau sarveśvare, striyā am-śasor vā
The ī and ū of strī and bhrū → iy and uv before a vowel-beginning viṣṇubhakti. For strī, this change is optional before am and [ś]as.
strī = woman. NOT a gopī (because it undergoes iy-change). Voc. sg. = stri (vāmana).
strī (irreg. ī-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | strī | striyau | striyaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | striyam / strīm | striyau | striyaḥ / strīḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | striyā | strībhyām | strībhiḥ |
| Caturthī | striyai | strībhyām | strībhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | striyāḥ | strībhyām | strībhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | striyāḥ | striyoḥ | strīṇām |
| Saptamī | striyām | striyoḥ | strīṣu |
| Sambodhana | stri | striyau | striyaḥ |
Fem. Ī-stem (Dhātu): śrī
Feminineī-stem (dhātu, iy-change, opt. gopī)
Sūtra 156ney-uv-sthānaṃ gopī, striyaṃ vinā, vṛṣṇiṣv āmi ca vā
Words ending in ī or ū that undergo iy/uv change are NOT gopī (except strī). But optionally gopī when vṛṣṇis or āṃ follow.
śrī = prosperity, beauty, goddess of fortune. From dhātu śri[ñ] sevaṃ. Two forms in cases 4–7 sg. and gen. pl.: gopī-like or non-gopī. Voc. sg. = śrīḥ (uṇādi, no deletion).
śrī (dhātu ī-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | śrīḥ | śriyau | śriyaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | śriyam | śriyau | śriyaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | śriyā | śrībhyām | śrībhiḥ |
| Caturthī | śriyai / śriye | śrībhyām | śrībhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | śriyāḥ / śriyaḥ | śrībhyām | śrībhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | śriyāḥ / śriyaḥ | śriyoḥ | śrīṇām / śriyām |
| Saptamī | śriyām / śriyi | śriyoḥ | śrīṣu |
| Sambodhana | śrīḥ | śriyau | śriyaḥ |
Fem. Ū-stem (Dhātu): bhrū
Feminineū-stem (dhātu, uv-change)
bhrū = eyebrow. From dhātu. Declined like śrī but with uv-change (ū→uv). Also: su-bhrū (one with beautiful eyebrows). Voc. sg. = bhrūḥ (uṇādi).
bhrū (ū-stem fem., uv-change)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | bhrūḥ | bhruvau | bhruvaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | bhruvam | bhruvau | bhruvaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | bhruvā | bhrūbhyām | bhrūbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | bhruvai / bhruve | bhrūbhyām | bhrūbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | bhruvāḥ / bhruvaḥ | bhrūbhyām | bhrūbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | bhruvāḥ / bhruvaḥ | bhruvoḥ | bhrūṇām / bhruvām |
| Saptamī | bhruvām / bhruvi | bhruvoḥ | bhrūṣu |
| Sambodhana | bhrūḥ | bhruvau | bhruvaḥ |
Fem. Ṛ-stem: mātṛ (mother)
Feminineṛ-stem (pitṛ-type, fem.)
mātṛ = mother. Declined like pitṛ except: acc. pl. = mātṝḥ (feminine ending, not -n). Also: bhrātṛ (brother), yātṛ (husband's brother's wife), jāmātṛ (son-in-law), duhitṛ (daughter) — all follow pitṛ-type.
mātṛ (ṛ-stem fem., pitṛ-type)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | mātā | mātarau | mātaraḥ |
| Dvitīyā | mātaram | mātarau | mātṝḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | mātrā | mātṛbhyām | mātṛbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | mātre | mātṛbhyām | mātṛbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | mātuḥ | mātṛbhyām | mātṛbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | mātuḥ | mātroḥ | mātṝṇām |
| Saptamī | mātari | mātroḥ | mātṛṣu |
| Sambodhana | mātaḥ | mātarau | mātaraḥ |
Fem. Ṛ-stem: svasṛ (sister)
Feminineṛ-stem (kartṛ-type, fem.)
svasṛ = sister. Declined like kartṛ (vṛṣṇīndra in nom.) but acc. pl. = svasṝḥ (feminine ending).
svasṛ (ṛ-stem fem., kartṛ-type)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | svasā | svasārau | svasāraḥ |
| Dvitīyā | svasāram | svasārau | svasṝḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | svasrā | svasṛbhyām | svasṛbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | svasre | svasṛbhyām | svasṛbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | svasuḥ | svasṛbhyām | svasṛbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | svasuḥ | svasroḥ | svasṝṇām |
| Saptamī | svasari | svasroḥ | svasṛṣu |
| Sambodhana | svasaḥ | svasārau | svasāraḥ |
Neut. A-stem: gokula
Neutera-stem
Sūtra 157brahma-kṛṣṇāt sor am
After a brahma-kṛṣṇa (neuter a-stem), s[u] → am.
Sūtra 158brahmato jas-śasoḥ śiḥ
After a brahma (neuter), [j]as and [ś]as → [ś]i.
Sūtra 163nānta-dhātu-varjita-sānta-sat-saṅga-mahad-apām uddhavasya trivikramaḥ kṛṣṇasthāne
The uddhava of words ending in n (etc.) becomes trivikrama before kṛṣṇasthāna endings → gokulāni.
Universal neuter rule: Nom. = Acc. in all numbers. Voc. = Nom. From Tṛtīyā onwards, identical to masculine kṛṣṇa. Also: phala (fruit), jala (water), karma (action), etc.
gokula (a-stem neut.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | gokulam | gokule | gokulāni |
| Dvitīyā | gokulam | gokule | gokulāni |
| Tṛtīyā | gokulena | gokulābhyām | gokulaiḥ |
| Caturthī | gokulāya | gokulābhyām | gokulebhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | gokulāt | gokulābhyām | gokulebhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | gokulasya | gokulayoḥ | gokulānām |
| Saptamī | gokule | gokulayoḥ | gokuleṣu |
| Sambodhana | gokula | gokule | gokulāni |
Neut. A-stem with Optional Consonant: śīrṣa / hṛdaya
Neutera-stem (opt. śīrṣan / hṛd)
Sūtra 164hṛdayasya hṛd yaduṣu vā, śīrṣasya śīrṣan vety eke
hṛdaya optionally → hṛd before yadus; śīrṣa optionally → śīrṣan (some say).
hṛdaya (a-stem neut., opt. hṛd)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | hṛdayam | hṛdaye | hṛdayāni |
| Dvitīyā | hṛdayam | hṛdaye | hṛdayāni / hṛndi |
| Tṛtīyā | hṛdayena / hṛdā | hṛdayābhyām / hṛdbhyām | hṛdayaiḥ / hṛdbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | hṛdayāya / hṛde | hṛdayābhyām / hṛdbhyām | hṛdayebhyaḥ / hṛdbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | hṛdayāt / hṛdaḥ | hṛdayābhyām / hṛdbhyām | hṛdayebhyaḥ / hṛdbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | hṛdayasya / hṛdaḥ | hṛdayayoḥ / hṛdoḥ | hṛdayānām / hṛdām |
| Saptamī | hṛdaye / hṛdi | hṛdayayoḥ / hṛdoḥ | hṛdayeṣu / hṛtsu |
| Sambodhana | hṛdaya | hṛdaye | hṛdayāni |
śīrṣa (a-stem neut., opt. śīrṣan)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | śīrṣam | śīrṣe | śīrṣāṇi |
| Dvitīyā | śīrṣam | śīrṣe | śīrṣāṇi |
| Tṛtīyā | śīrṣeṇa / śīrṣṇā | śīrṣābhyām / śīrṣabhyām | śīrṣaiḥ / śīrṣabhiḥ |
| Caturthī | śīrṣāya / śīrṣṇe | śīrṣābhyām / śīrṣabhyām | śīrṣebhyaḥ / śīrṣabhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | śīrṣāt / śīrṣṇaḥ | śīrṣābhyām / śīrṣabhyām | śīrṣebhyaḥ / śīrṣabhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | śīrṣasya / śīrṣṇaḥ | śīrṣayoḥ / śīrṣṇoḥ | śīrṣāṇām / śirṣṇām |
| Saptamī | śīrṣe / śīrṣṇi / śīrṣaṇi | śīrṣayoḥ / śīrṣṇoḥ | śīrṣeṣu / śīrṣasu |
| Sambodhana | śīrṣa | śīrṣe | śīrṣāṇi |
Neut. I-stem: dadhi
Neuteri-stem (an-substitution)
Sūtra 168dadhi-asthi-sakthi-akṣi-śabdānām i-rāmasya an ṭādi-sarveśvare
The i of dadhi, asthi, sakthi, akṣi → an before viṣṇubhaktis from [ṭ]ā onwards.
Sūtra 170va-ma-sat-saṅga-hīnasyāno 'a-rāma-haro bhagavati … ī-ṅyos tu vā
The a of the an portion is deleted before bhagavat endings; optional before ī and [ṅ]i.
Sūtra 171brahmaṇo govindo vā buddhe
A brahma (neuter) optionally takes govinda when buddha follows → dadhe or dadhi <8.1>.
dadhi = yogurt. Also: asthi (bone), sakthi (thigh), akṣi (eye) — all decline the same way.
dadhi (i-stem neut.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | dadhi | dadhinī | dadhīni |
| Dvitīyā | dadhi | dadhinī | dadhīni |
| Tṛtīyā | dadhnā | dadhibhyām | dadhibhiḥ |
| Caturthī | dadhne | dadhibhyām | dadhibhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | dadhnaḥ | dadhibhyām | dadhibhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | dadhnaḥ | dadhnoḥ | dadhnām |
| Saptamī | dadhni / dadhani | dadhnoḥ | dadhiṣu |
| Sambodhana | dadhi / dadhe | dadhinī | dadhīni |
Neut. I-stem: vāri (water)
Neuteri-stem (strict ṇatva)
vāri = water. Differs from dadhi: n→ṇ throughout (Sūtra 111) because ā+r precedes. No govinda option in voc. sg. (vāri or vāre).
vāri (i-stem neut., ṇatva)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | vāri | vāriṇī | vārīṇi |
| Dvitīyā | vāri | vāriṇī | vārīṇi |
| Tṛtīyā | vāriṇā | vāribhyām | vāribhiḥ |
| Caturthī | vāriṇe | vāribhyām | vāribhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | vāriṇaḥ | vāribhyām | vāribhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | vāriṇaḥ | vāriṇoḥ | vārīṇām |
| Saptamī | vāriṇi | vāriṇoḥ | vāriṣu |
| Sambodhana | vāri / vāre | vāriṇī | vārīṇi |
Neut. U-stem: madhu (honey)
Neuteru-stem
madhu = honey. Also: āyu (life), vastu (thing). Sūtra 166 (mahāhara of s[u] and am); Sūtra 167 (n[uk] before sarveśvara). Voc. sg. = madhu or madho (optional govinda).
madhu (u-stem neut.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | madhu | madhunī | madhūni |
| Dvitīyā | madhu | madhunī | madhūni |
| Tṛtīyā | madhunā | madhubhyām | madhubhiḥ |
| Caturthī | madhune | madhubhyām | madhubhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | madhunaḥ | madhubhyām | madhubhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | madhunaḥ | madhunoḥ | madhūnām |
| Saptamī | madhuni | madhunoḥ | madhuṣu |
| Sambodhana | madhu / madho | madhunī | madhūni |
Neut. É-stem: viśva-ni
Neuteré-stem neut. (vāmana)
Sūtra 172brahmānta-trivikramasya vāmanaḥ
A trivikrama at the end of a brahma (neuter) becomes vāmana. So é→i in neuter.
viśva-né in neuter gender → viśva-ni (é becomes i by vāmana). Then declines like vāri.
viśva-ni (é-stem neut.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | viśva-ni | viśva-ninī | viśva-nīni |
| Dvitīyā | viśva-ni | viśva-ninī | viśva-nīni |
| Tṛtīyā | viśva-ninā | viśva-nébhyām | viśva-nébhiḥ |
| Caturthī | viśva-nine | viśva-nébhyām | viśva-nébhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | viśva-ninaḥ | viśva-nébhyām | viśva-nébhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | viśva-ninaḥ | viśva-ninoḥ | viśva-nīnām |
| Saptamī | viśva-nini | viśva-ninoḥ | viśva-niṣu |
| Sambodhana | viśva-ni | viśva-ninī | viśva-nīni |
Neut. Ai-stem: kṛṣṇa-rai (neuter)
Neuterai-stem neut. (vāmana → i)
Sūtra 173e-ai-sthāne i-rāmaḥ, o-au-sthāne u-rāmo vāmanaḥ syāt
The vāmana for e and ai is i-rāma; for o and au is u-rāma. So ai→i in neuter.
kṛṣṇa-rai in neuter: ai→i (vāmana) → kṛṣṇa-ri. Then declines like vāri. Note: bhyām forms use eka-deśa-vikṛtam → kṛṣṇa-rābhyām.
kṛṣṇa-rai (ai-stem neut.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | kṛṣṇa-ri | kṛṣṇa-riṇī | kṛṣṇa-rīṇi |
| Dvitīyā | kṛṣṇa-ri | kṛṣṇa-riṇī | kṛṣṇa-rīṇi |
| Tṛtīyā | kṛṣṇa-riṇā | kṛṣṇa-rābhyām | kṛṣṇa-rābhiḥ |
| Caturthī | kṛṣṇa-riṇe | kṛṣṇa-rābhyām | kṛṣṇa-rābhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | kṛṣṇa-riṇaḥ | kṛṣṇa-rābhyām | kṛṣṇa-rābhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | kṛṣṇa-riṇaḥ | kṛṣṇa-riṇoḥ | kṛṣṇa-rīṇām |
| Saptamī | kṛṣṇa-riṇi | kṛṣṇa-riṇoḥ | kṛṣṇa-riṣu |
| Sambodhana | kṛṣṇa-ri | kṛṣṇa-riṇī | kṛṣṇa-rīṇi |
Neut. Ṛ-stem: kartṛ (neuter)
Neuterṛ-stem neut.
kartṛ in neuter gender. The brahma-kārya (Sūtra 167) is stronger than vṛṣṇīndra (Sūtra 139), so no ā-lengthening in nom. Voc. sg. = kartṛ or kartaḥ (optional govinda).
kartṛ (ṛ-stem neut.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | kartṛ | kartṛṇī | kartṝṇi |
| Dvitīyā | kartṛ | kartṛṇī | kartṝṇi |
| Tṛtīyā | kartṛṇā | kartṛbhyām | kartṛbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | kartṛṇe | kartṛbhyām | kartṛbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | kartṛṇaḥ | kartṛbhyām | kartṛbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | kartṛṇaḥ | kartṛṇoḥ | kartṝṇām |
| Saptamī | kartṛṇi | kartṛṇoḥ | kartṛṣu |
| Sambodhana | kartṛ / kartaḥ | kartṛṇī | kartṝṇi |
Añc-stem: pratyac (backward/western) — vācya-liṅga
MasculineFeminineNeutervācya-liṅga
Sūtra 174acaś caturbhujānubandhānāṃ ca nuṃ kṛṣṇasthāne
The ägama n[um] is applied to words ending in ac (from dhātu añc[u]) AND to words with a caturbhuja indicatory letter, when a kṛṣṇasthāna follows. ac-words: pratyac, tiryac, udac, nyac, viṣvac, prāc, avāc.
Sūtra 175ta-vargasya ca-vargaś ca-varga-yoge
When ta-varga is conjoined with ca-varga, ta-varga → ca-varga. So n (ta-varga) + c (ca-varga) → ñc.
Sūtra 176sat-saṅgāntasya haro viṣṇupadānte
The final consonant of a sat-saṅga is deleted at the end of a viṣṇupada. So pratyañc → pratyañ before s[u].
Sūtra 177ca-vargasya ka-vargo viṣṇupadānte, vaiṣṇave tv asa-varge
Ca-varga → ka-varga at end of viṣṇupada or before a vaiṣṇava of a different varga. So pratyañ → pratyaṅ <1.1>.
Sūtra 178aco 'a-rāma-haro bhagavati, pūrvasya trivikramaś ca
The a of ac is deleted before bhagavat endings, and the preceding varṇa → trivikrama. So pratyac → pratic → pratīc- in weak cases.
Sūtra 179pūrvasya viṣṇupada-vattvaṃ svādi-taddhitayor aya-sarveśvarādyoḥ
Before a sv-ādi or taddhita not beginning with y or a sarveśvara, the stem is treated like a viṣṇupada.
pratyac = backward, western, inner. Formed from prati + añc[u]. It is vācya-liṅga (adjectival — shares the gender of the substantive it modifies). This is the first paradigm in the consonant-stem section (PDF p.186–189). The PDF explicitly begins: "tatra ca-rāmāntāḥ kecana-śabdā vācya-liṅgāḥ. tatra pratyak."
pratyac — Masculine (vācya-liṅga)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | pratyaṅ | pratyañcau | pratyañcaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | pratyañcam | pratyañcau | pratīcaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | pratīcā | pratyagbhyām | pratyagbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | pratīce | pratyagbhyām | pratyagbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | pratīcaḥ | pratyagbhyām | pratyagbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | pratīcaḥ | pratīcoḥ | pratīcām |
| Saptamī | pratīci | pratīcoḥ | pratyakṣu |
| Sambodhana | pratyaṅ | pratyañcau | pratyañcaḥ |
Feminine forms are identical to masculine (vācya-liṅga). Neuter forms: see Ch.2F → pratyac neuter.
Masc. Añc-stem: tiryac / udac
Masculineañc-stem
Sūtra 180tiryacas tiraścir udaca udīcir bhagavati
When a bhagavat follows, tiryac → tiraśc[i] and udac → udīc[i]. (These replace the ac entirely in weak cases.)
tiryac = horizontal, animal. udac = upward, northern. Both are vācya-liṅga. Strong cases (nom./acc.) use the añc- forms; weak cases (from acc. pl. onwards) use tiraśc-/udīc- by Sūtra 180.
tiryac (añc-stem masc./vācya-liṅga)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | tiryaṅ | tiryañcau | tiryañcaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | tiryañcam | tiryañcau | tiraścaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | tiraścā | tiryagbhyām | tiryagbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | tiraśce | tiryagbhyām | tiryagbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | tiraścaḥ | tiryagbhyām | tiryagbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | tiraścaḥ | tiraścoḥ | tiraścām |
| Saptamī | tiraści | tiraścoḥ | tiryakṣu |
| Sambodhana | tiryaṅ | tiryañcau | tiryañcaḥ |
udac (añc-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | udaṅ | udañcau | udañcaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | udañcam | udañcau | udīcaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | udīcā | udagbhyām | udagbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | udīce | udagbhyām | udagbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | udīcaḥ | udagbhyām | udagbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | udīcaḥ | udīcoḥ | udīcām |
| Saptamī | udīci | udīcoḥ | udakṣu |
| Sambodhana | udaṅ | udañcau | udañcaḥ |
Masc. C-stem: kruñc
Masculinec-stem
kruñc = a kind of snipe (bird). Nom. sg. = kruṅ (viṣṇujana deleted before viräma). Bhyām/bhis/bhyas: ñ→ṅ by Sūtra 177, then ṅ→ṅ.
kruñc (c-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | kruṅ | kruñcau | kruñcaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | kruñcam | kruñcau | kruñcaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | kruñcā | kruṅbhyām | kruṅbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | kruñce | kruṅbhyām | kruṅbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | kruñcaḥ | kruṅbhyām | kruṅbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | kruñcaḥ | kruñcoḥ | kruñcām |
| Saptamī | kruñci | kruñcoḥ | kruṅṣu |
| Sambodhana | kruṅ | kruñcau | kruñcaḥ |
Masc. C-stem: daitya-vṛśc
Masculinec-stem (vraśc-type)
daitya-vṛśc = demon-slasher. From dhātu vraśc (to cut). Complex sandhi: ś→ṣ (Sūtra 182), s deleted (Sūtra 183), ṣ→ḍ (Sūtra 184), ḍ→ṭ/ḍ (Sūtra 185).
daitya-vṛśc (c-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | daitya-vṛṭ / daitya-vṛḍ | daitya-vṛścau | daitya-vṛścaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | daitya-vṛścam | daitya-vṛścau | daitya-vṛścaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | daitya-vṛścā | daitya-vṛḍbhyām | daitya-vṛḍbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | daitya-vṛśce | daitya-vṛḍbhyām | daitya-vṛḍbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | daitya-vṛścaḥ | daitya-vṛḍbhyām | daitya-vṛḍbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | daitya-vṛścaḥ | daitya-vṛścoḥ | daitya-vṛścām |
| Saptamī | daitya-vṛści | daitya-vṛścoḥ | daitya-vṛṭsu |
| Sambodhana | daitya-vṛṭ / daitya-vṛḍ | daitya-vṛścau | daitya-vṛścaḥ |
Masc. J-stem: yadu-rāj
Masculinej-stem (rāj-type)
yadu-rāj = king of the Yadus. Also: sva-rāj (self-ruling). j→ṣ (Sūtra 182) → ḍ (Sūtra 184) → ṭ/ḍ (Sūtra 185). Bhyām/bhis: ḍbhyām.
yadu-rāj (j-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | yadu-rāṭ / yadu-rāḍ | yadu-rājau | yadu-rājaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | yadu-rājam | yadu-rājau | yadu-rājaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | yadu-rājā | yadu-rāḍbhyām | yadu-rāḍbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | yadu-rāje | yadu-rāḍbhyām | yadu-rāḍbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | yadu-rājaḥ | yadu-rāḍbhyām | yadu-rāḍbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | yadu-rājaḥ | yadu-rājoḥ | yadu-rājām |
| Saptamī | yadu-rāji | yadu-rājoḥ | yadu-rāṭsu |
| Sambodhana | yadu-rāṭ / yadu-rāḍ | yadu-rājau | yadu-rājaḥ |
Masc. J-stem: ṛtvij (priest)
Masculinej-stem (ṛtvij-type)
Sūtra 186sraj diś dṛś ṛtvij … ko viṣṇupadānte
The final varṇa of ṛtvij, sraj, diś, dṛś, etc. → k when the viṣaya is viṣṇupadānta (blocks the ṣ-change).
ṛtvij = priest (one who sacrifices at the proper time). j→k (Sūtra 186) → g (Sūtra 61) → k/g (Sūtra 185). Also: viśva-sṛj (creator of the world).
ṛtvij (j-stem masc., k-change)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | ṛtvik / ṛtvig | ṛtvijau | ṛtvijaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | ṛtvijam | ṛtvijau | ṛtvijaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | ṛtvijā | ṛtvigbhyām | ṛtvigbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | ṛtvije | ṛtvigbhyām | ṛtvigbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | ṛtvijaḥ | ṛtvigbhyām | ṛtvigbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | ṛtvijaḥ | ṛtvijoḥ | ṛtvijām |
| Saptamī | ṛtviji | ṛtvijoḥ | ṛtvikṣu |
| Sambodhana | ṛtvik / ṛtvig | ṛtvijau | ṛtvijaḥ |
Masc. T-stem: kaṃsa-jit
Masculinet-stem
kaṃsa-jit = vanquisher of Kaṃsa. t→d (Sūtra 61) before voiced; d→t (Sūtra 185) at viräma. Also: su-pāt/su-pād (one with beautiful feet).
kaṃsa-jit (t-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | kaṃsa-jit / kaṃsa-jid | kaṃsa-jitau | kaṃsa-jitaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | kaṃsa-jitam | kaṃsa-jitau | kaṃsa-jitaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | kaṃsa-jitā | kaṃsa-jidbhyām | kaṃsa-jidbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | kaṃsa-jite | kaṃsa-jidbhyām | kaṃsa-jidbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | kaṃsa-jitaḥ | kaṃsa-jidbhyām | kaṃsa-jidbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | kaṃsa-jitaḥ | kaṃsa-jitoḥ | kaṃsa-jitām |
| Saptamī | kaṃsa-jiti | kaṃsa-jitoḥ | kaṃsa-jitsu |
| Sambodhana | kaṃsa-jit / kaṃsa-jid | kaṃsa-jitau | kaṃsa-jitaḥ |
Masc. At-stem: mahat (great)
Masculineat-stem (mahat[u])
Sūtra 187atv-as-antoddhavasya trivikramo buddha-varjita-sau, dhātuṃ vinā
The uddhava of words ending in at[u] or as → trivikrama when s[u] follows (not buddha, not dhātus).
mahat[u] = great. Has indicatory letter u. Trivikrama (Sūtra 187) → mahāt; then n[um] (Sūtra 174) → mahānt; then s[u] deleted (Sūtra 138) → mahānt; then sat-saṅga deleted (Sūtra 176) → mahān.
mahat (at-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | mahān | mahāntau | mahāntaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | mahāntam | mahāntau | mahataḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | mahatā | mahadbhyām | mahadbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | mahate | mahadbhyām | mahadbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | mahataḥ | mahadbhyām | mahadbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | mahataḥ | mahatoḥ | mahatām |
| Saptamī | mahati | mahatoḥ | mahatsu |
| Sambodhana | mahan | mahāntau | mahāntaḥ |
Masc. At-stem: bhagavat (the Lord)
Masculineat-stem (bhagavat[u])
bhagavat[u] = the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Has indicatory letter u. Like mahat but: trivikrama by Sūtra 187 (not 163). Also: hanumat (Hanumān), śrīmat (possessing Śrī), etc.
bhagavat (at-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | bhagavān | bhagavantau | bhagavantaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | bhagavantam | bhagavantau | bhagavataḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | bhagavatā | bhagavadbhyām | bhagavadbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | bhagavate | bhagavadbhyām | bhagavadbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | bhagavataḥ | bhagavadbhyām | bhagavadbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | bhagavataḥ | bhagavatoḥ | bhagavatām |
| Saptamī | bhagavati | bhagavatoḥ | bhagavatsu |
| Sambodhana | bhagavan | bhagavantau | bhagavantaḥ |
Masc. At-stem: bhavat (being / present participle)
Masculineat-stem (bhavat[ṛ], pres. part.)
bhavat[ṛ] = being, present (present participle base). Has indicatory letter ṛ (NOT u), so no trivikrama by Sūtra 187. n[um] applied directly. Also used as honorific "your honor" (see pronoun section).
bhavat (at-stem masc., pres. part.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | bhavan | bhavantau | bhavantaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | bhavantam | bhavantau | bhavataḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | bhavatā | bhavadbhyām | bhavadbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | bhavate | bhavadbhyām | bhavadbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | bhavataḥ | bhavadbhyām | bhavadbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | bhavataḥ | bhavatoḥ | bhavatām |
| Saptamī | bhavati | bhavatoḥ | bhavatsu |
| Sambodhana | bhavan | bhavantau | bhavantaḥ |
Masc. H-stem: kṛṣṇa-budh
Masculineh-stem (budh-type)
Sūtra 189ja-varja-harigadāder eka-sarveśvarasya dhātor harighoṣāntasyādau harighoṣatvaṃ viṣṇupadānte sa-dhvoś ca
Initial harigadā (not j) of a dhātu with one sarveśvara ending in harighoṣa → harighoṣa before viṣṇupadānta or s/dhv. So b→bh.
kṛṣṇa-budh = one who understands Kṛṣṇa. b→bh (Sūtra 189) → d (Sūtra 61) → t/d (Sūtra 185). Exception: jabh (yawns) — j excluded from Sūtra 189.
kṛṣṇa-budh (h-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | kṛṣṇa-bhut / kṛṣṇa-bhud | kṛṣṇa-budhau | kṛṣṇa-budhaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | kṛṣṇa-budham | kṛṣṇa-budhau | kṛṣṇa-budhaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | kṛṣṇa-budhā | kṛṣṇa-bhudbhyām | kṛṣṇa-bhudbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | kṛṣṇa-budhe | kṛṣṇa-bhudbhyām | kṛṣṇa-bhudbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | kṛṣṇa-budhaḥ | kṛṣṇa-bhudbhyām | kṛṣṇa-bhudbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | kṛṣṇa-budhaḥ | kṛṣṇa-budhoḥ | kṛṣṇa-budhām |
| Saptamī | kṛṣṇa-budhi | kṛṣṇa-budhoḥ | kṛṣṇa-bhutsu |
| Sambodhana | kṛṣṇa-bhut / kṛṣṇa-bhud | kṛṣṇa-budhau | kṛṣṇa-budhaḥ |
Masc. An-stem: rājan (king)
Masculinean-stem (rājan-type)
Sūtra 190nāmāntasya nasya haro viṣṇupadānte buddhaṃ vinā
The final n of a nāma is deleted when the viṣaya is viṣṇupadānta, except before buddha.
Sūtra 163nānta… trivikramaḥ kṛṣṇasthāne
Uddhava of n-ending words → trivikrama before kṛṣṇasthāna (gives rājān- in strong cases).
Sūtra 170va-ma-sat-saṅga-hīnasyāno 'a-rāma-haraḥ bhagavati
a of -an deleted before bhagavat endings → rājñā, rājñe, etc. (j+ñ=jñ by Sūtra 175).
rājan = king. Also: brahman (in masc. = Brahma), nāman (name — masc.), etc. Words like śvan, yuvan, maghavan follow rājan with special rules (Sūtra 191).
rājan (an-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | rājā | rājānau | rājānaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | rājānam | rājānau | rājñaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | rājñā | rājabhyām | rājabhiḥ |
| Caturthī | rājñe | rājabhyām | rājabhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | rājñaḥ | rājabhyām | rājabhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | rājñaḥ | rājñoḥ | rājñām |
| Saptamī | rājñi / rājani | rājñoḥ | rājasu |
| Sambodhana | rājan | rājānau | rājānaḥ |
Masc. An-stem: ātman (self)
Masculinean-stem (ātman-type)
ātman = self, soul. Differs from rājan: a of -man is NOT deleted (Sūtra 170 does not apply because of va-ma-sat-saṅga restriction — m is present). So ātmanā, ātmane, etc. (no jñ-change).
ātman (an-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | ātmā | ātmānau | ātmānaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | ātmānam | ātmānau | ātmanaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | ātmanā | ātmabhyām | ātmabhiḥ |
| Caturthī | ātmane | ātmabhyām | ātmabhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | ātmanaḥ | ātmabhyām | ātmabhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | ātmanaḥ | ātmanoḥ | ātmanām |
| Saptamī | ātmani | ātmanoḥ | ātmasu |
| Sambodhana | ātman | ātmānau | ātmānaḥ |
Masc. An-stem (Irregular): śvan (dog)
Masculinean-stem (śvan-type)
Sūtra 191śvan yuvan maghavan ity eṣāṃ vasya ur bhagavati
The va of śvan, yuvan, maghavan → u before bhagavat endings (gives śunaḥ, śunā, etc.).
śvan (irreg. an-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | śvā | śvānau | śvānaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | śvānam | śvānau | śunaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | śunā | śvabhyām | śvabhiḥ |
| Caturthī | śune | śvabhyām | śvabhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | śunaḥ | śvabhyām | śvabhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | śunaḥ | śunoḥ | śunām |
| Saptamī | śuni | śunoḥ | śvasu |
| Sambodhana | śvan | śvānau | śvānaḥ |
Masc. An-stem (Irregular): yuvan (youth)
Masculinean-stem (yuvan-type)
yuvan = a youth. va→u (Sūtra 191) + u+u→ū (Sūtra 42) → yūnaḥ, yūnā, etc.
yuvan (irreg. an-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | yuvā | yuvānau | yuvānaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | yuvānam | yuvānau | yūnaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | yūnā | yuvabhyām | yuvabhiḥ |
| Caturthī | yūne | yuvabhyām | yuvabhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | yūnaḥ | yuvabhyām | yuvabhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | yūnaḥ | yūnoḥ | yūnām |
| Saptamī | yūni | yūnoḥ | yuvasu |
| Sambodhana | yuvan | yuvānau | yuvānaḥ |
Masc. An-stem (Irregular): maghavan (Indra)
Masculinean-stem (maghavan-type)
maghavan = name of Indra. va→u (Sūtra 191) + a+u→o (Sūtra 44) → maghonaḥ, maghonā, etc. Nom. sg. = maghavā (n deleted by Sūtra 190). Note: maghavat[u] (also Indra) declines like bhagavat.
maghavan (irreg. an-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | maghavā | maghavānau | maghavānaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | maghavānam | maghavānau | maghonaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | maghonā | maghavabhyām | maghavabhiḥ |
| Caturthī | maghone | maghavabhyām | maghavabhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | maghonaḥ | maghavabhyām | maghavabhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | maghonaḥ | maghonoḥ | maghonām |
| Saptamī | maghoni | maghonoḥ | maghavasu |
| Sambodhana | maghavan | maghavānau | maghavānaḥ |
Masc. An-stem: pratidivan (day)
Masculinean-stem (divan-type)
Sūtra 192dhāto ra-va-prāg-id-utos trivikramo ra-vato viṣṇujane
The i or u of a dhātu before r or v → trivikrama when a viṣṇujana follows that r/v. So div → dīv → dīvn- in weak cases.
pratidivan (an-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | pratidivā | pratidivānau | pratidivānaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | pratidivānam | pratidivānau | pratidīvnaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | pratidīvnā | pratidivabhyām | pratidivabhiḥ |
| Caturthī | pratidīvne | pratidivabhyām | pratidivabhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | pratidīvnaḥ | pratidivabhyām | pratidivabhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | pratidīvnaḥ | pratidīvnoḥ | pratidīvnām |
| Saptamī | pratidīvni / pratidivani | pratidīvnoḥ | pratidivasu |
| Sambodhana | pratidivan | pratidivānau | pratidivānaḥ |
Masc. In-stem (Irregular): pathin (path)
Masculinein-stem (pathin-type)
Sūtra 193pathin mathin ṛbhukṣinn ity eṣāṃ nasya haraḥ sau
The final n of pathin, mathin, ṛbhukṣin is deleted when s[u] follows.
Sūtra 194pathy-ādīnām i-rāmasyā-rāmaḥ kṛṣṇasthāne, thāt pūrvaṃ nuk ca
The i of pathin etc. → ā before kṛṣṇasthāna; n[uk] inserted before th → panthāḥ.
Sūtra 195pathy-ādīnāṃ saṃsāra-haro bhagavati
The saṃsāra (in) of pathin etc. is deleted before bhagavat endings → pathaḥ, pathā, etc.
Also: mathin (churning stick) → manthāḥ, manthānau, manthānaḥ; ṛbhukṣin (Indra) → ṛbhukṣāḥ, ṛbhukṣāṇau, ṛbhukṣāṇaḥ.
pathin (irreg. in-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | panthāḥ | panthānau | panthānaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | panthānam | panthānau | pathaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | pathā | pathibhyām | pathibhiḥ |
| Caturthī | pathe | pathibhyām | pathibhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | pathaḥ | pathibhyām | pathibhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | pathaḥ | pathoḥ | pathām |
| Saptamī | pathi | pathoḥ | pathiṣu |
| Sambodhana | panthāḥ | panthānau | panthānaḥ |
Masc. In-stem: śārṅgin (one who has Śārṅga bow)
Masculinein-stem
Sūtra 196in han püṣan aryaman ity eṣām uddhavasya trivikramaḥ su-śyor eva
The uddhava of words ending in in (and han, püṣan, aryaman) → trivikrama ONLY before s[u] or [ś]i.
śārṅgin = name of Kṛṣṇa (one who has the bow named Śārṅga). Also: yogin (yogi), dhāvin (runner), etc. n→ṇ throughout (Sūtra 111).
śārṅgin (in-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | śārṅgī | śārṅgiṇau | śārṅgiṇaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | śārṅgiṇam | śārṅgiṇau | śārṅgiṇaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | śārṅgiṇā | śārṅgibhyām | śārṅgibhiḥ |
| Caturthī | śārṅgiṇe | śārṅgibhyām | śārṅgibhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | śārṅgiṇaḥ | śārṅgibhyām | śārṅgibhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | śārṅgiṇaḥ | śārṅgiṇoḥ | śārṅgiṇām |
| Saptamī | śārṅgiṇi | śārṅgiṇoḥ | śārṅgiṣu |
| Sambodhana | śārṅgin | śārṅgiṇau | śārṅgiṇaḥ |
Masc. Han-stem: kaṃsa-han (killer of Kaṃsa)
Masculinehan-stem
Sūtra 197hano hasya gho ṇin-nayoḥ
The h of han → gh when ṇit or na-rāma follows (i.e., when a of an is deleted → kaṃsa-ghnaḥ, kaṃsa-ghnā, etc.).
kaṃsa-han = killer of Kaṃsa (name of Kṛṣṇa). Nom. sg. = kaṃsa-hā (n deleted). Weak cases: h→gh when n follows (Sūtra 197).
kaṃsa-han (han-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | kaṃsa-hā | kaṃsa-hanau | kaṃsa-hanaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | kaṃsa-hanam | kaṃsa-hanau | kaṃsa-ghnaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | kaṃsa-ghnā | kaṃsa-habhyām | kaṃsa-habhiḥ |
| Caturthī | kaṃsa-ghne | kaṃsa-habhyām | kaṃsa-habhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | kaṃsa-ghnaḥ | kaṃsa-habhyām | kaṃsa-habhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | kaṃsa-ghnaḥ | kaṃsa-ghnoḥ | kaṃsa-ghnām |
| Saptamī | kaṃsa-ghni / kaṃsa-hani | kaṃsa-ghnoḥ | kaṃsa-hasu |
| Sambodhana | kaṃsa-han | kaṃsa-hanau | kaṃsa-hanaḥ |
Numeral: pañcan (5), saptan (7), navan (9), daśan (10)
All GendersNumeral (always plural)
Sūtra 198ra-ṣa-nānta-saṃkhyābhyo nuṭ āmi svārthe
Numerals ending in r, ṣ, or n take n[uṭ] before āṃ (gen. pl.).
Sūtra 199nāntoddhavasya trivikramo nāmi
The uddhava of a numeral ending in n → trivikrama before nām → pañcānām.
pañcan (5), saptan (7), navan (9), daśan (10) — all follow the same paradigm. Always plural, same form in all three genders. [j]as and [ś]as undergo mahāhara (Sūtra 126).
pañcan (5, pl. only, all genders)
| Case | Plural |
|---|---|
| Prathamā | pañca |
| Dvitīyā | pañca |
| Tṛtīyā | pañcabhiḥ |
| Caturthī | pañcabhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | pañcabhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | pañcānām |
| Saptamī | pañcasu |
saptan (7) / navan (9) / daśan (10)
| Case | saptan | navan | daśan |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | sapta | nava | daśa |
| Dvitīyā | sapta | nava | daśa |
| Tṛtīyā | saptabhiḥ | navabhiḥ | daśabhiḥ |
| Caturthī | saptabhyaḥ | navabhyaḥ | daśabhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | saptabhyaḥ | navabhyaḥ | daśabhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | saptānām | navānām | daśānām |
| Saptamī | saptasu | navasu | daśasu |
Numeral: aṣṭan (8)
All GendersNumeral (always plural, two options)
Sūtra 200aṣṭana ā viṣṇubhaktiṣu vā
The final n of aṣṭan optionally → ā when any viṣṇubhakti follows.
Sūtra 201tasmāt jas-śasor auś svārthe
After that ā, [j]as and [ś]as → au[ś] → aṣṭau.
aṣṭan (8, pl. only, two options)
| Case | Plural (opt. 1: ā-change) | Plural (opt. 2: no ā-change) |
|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | aṣṭau | aṣṭa |
| Dvitīyā | aṣṭau | aṣṭa |
| Tṛtīyā | aṣṭābhiḥ | aṣṭabhiḥ |
| Caturthī | aṣṭābhyaḥ | aṣṭabhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | aṣṭābhyaḥ | aṣṭabhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | aṣṭānām | |
| Saptamī | aṣṭāsu | aṣṭasu |
Numeral: catur (4, masculine)
MasculineNumeral (always plural)
Sūtra 202catur-anaḍuhor āṃ kṛṣṇasthāne, buddhe tv am
catur takes ā[m] before kṛṣṇasthāna endings; a[m] before buddha.
Sūtra 203ra-rāmasya na viṣṇusargaḥ supi
ra-rāma does NOT become viṣṇusarga before su[p] → caturṣu.
catur (4, masc. pl. only)
| Case | Plural |
|---|---|
| Prathamā | catvāraḥ |
| Dvitīyā | caturaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | caturbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | caturbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | caturbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | caturṇām |
| Saptamī | caturṣu |
Numeral: ṣaṣ (6)
All GendersNumeral (always plural)
ṣaṣ = six. Always plural, same form in all three genders. ṣ→ḍ (Sūtra 184) → ṭ/ḍ (Sūtra 185) at viräma. ṣ→ṇ before nām (Sūtra 198 + ṇatva).
ṣaṣ (6, pl. only, all genders)
| Case | Plural |
|---|---|
| Prathamā | ṣaṭ / ṣaḍ |
| Dvitīyā | ṣaṭ / ṣaḍ |
| Tṛtīyā | ṣaḍbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | ṣaḍbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | ṣaḍbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | ṣaṇṇām |
| Saptamī | ṣaṭsu |
Masc. Uṣ-stem: sajuṣ (associate)
Masculineuṣ-stem
Sūtra 206sajuṣ āśiṣ ity anayoḥ is-us-anta-dhātoś ca raḥ viṣṇupadānte, tasya viṣṇusargaś ca supi
The final varṇa of sajuṣ, āśiṣ, and dhātus ending in is/us → r before viṣṇupadānta; that r → viṣṇusarga before su[p].
sajuṣ (uṣ-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | sajūḥ | sajuṣau | sajuṣaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | sajuṣam | sajuṣau | sajuṣaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | sajuṣā | sajūrbhyām | sajūrbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | sajuṣe | sajūrbhyām | sajūrbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | sajuṣaḥ | sajūrbhyām | sajūrbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | sajuṣaḥ | sajuṣoḥ | sajuṣām |
| Saptamī | sajuṣi | sajuṣoḥ | sajūḥṣu |
| Sambodhana | sajūḥ | sajuṣau | sajuṣaḥ |
Masc. As-stem: vedhas (creator)
Masculineas-stem
vedhas = creator (name of Brahmā or Viṣṇu). Trivikrama by Sūtra 187 (atv-as-anta) → vedhāḥ <1.1>. Bhyām/bhis: ḥ→u (Sūtra 80) + a+u→o (Sūtra 44) → vedhobhyām. Voc. sg. = vedhaḥ (no trivikrama before buddha).
vedhas (as-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | vedhāḥ | vedhasau | vedhasaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | vedhasam | vedhasau | vedhasaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | vedhasā | vedhobhyām | vedhobhiḥ |
| Caturthī | vedhase | vedhobhyām | vedhobhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | vedhasaḥ | vedhobhyām | vedhobhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | vedhasaḥ | vedhasoḥ | vedhasām |
| Saptamī | vedhasi | vedhasoḥ | vedhaḥsu |
| Sambodhana | vedhaḥ | vedhasau | vedhasaḥ |
Masc. Vas-stem: vidvas (one who knows)
Masculinevas[u]-stem
Sūtra 209vasor vasya ur bhagavati
The va of vas[u] → u before bhagavat endings → viduṣaḥ, viduṣā, etc.
vidvas[u] = one who knows. Complex: n[um] + trivikrama → vidvāṃsau, vidvāṃsaḥ. Weak cases: va→u (Sūtra 209) + ṣatva → viduṣaḥ, viduṣā, etc.
vidvas (vas-stem masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | vidvān | vidvāṃsau | vidvāṃsaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | vidvāṃsam | vidvāṃsau | viduṣaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | viduṣā | vidvadbhyām | vidvadbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | viduṣe | vidvadbhyām | vidvadbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | viduṣaḥ | vidvadbhyām | vidvadbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | viduṣaḥ | viduṣoḥ | viduṣām |
| Saptamī | viduṣi | viduṣoḥ | vidvatsu |
| Sambodhana | vidvan | vidvāṃsau | vidvāṃsaḥ |
Masc. Irregular: puṃs (man)
Masculineirregular (puṃs)
Sūtra 210puṃsaḥ pumasuḥ kṛṣṇasthāne
puṃs → pumas[u] before kṛṣṇasthāna endings. Then n[um] + trivikrama → pumāṃsau, pumāṃsaḥ.
puṃs = man. Bhyām: puṃbhyām or puṃbhyām (two options by Sūtras 72, 73). Voc. sg. = puman.
puṃs (irreg. masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | pumān | pumāṃsau | pumāṃsaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | pumāṃsam | pumāṃsau | puṃsaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | puṃsā | puṃbhyām / pumbhyām | puṃbhiḥ / pumbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | puṃse | puṃbhyām / pumbhyām | puṃbhyaḥ / pumbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | puṃsaḥ | puṃbhyām / pumbhyām | puṃbhyaḥ / pumbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | puṃsaḥ | puṃsoḥ | puṃsām |
| Saptamī | puṃsi | puṃsoḥ | puṃsu |
| Sambodhana | puman | pumāṃsau | pumāṃsaḥ |
Fem. C-stem: ṛc / tvac / vāc
Femininec-stem
ṛc = a Ṛgvedic verse. tvac = skin. vāc = speech (name of Sarasvatī). All decline the same way. c→k (Sūtra 177) → g (Sūtra 61) → k/g (Sūtra 185).
ṛc / tvac / vāc (c-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | ṛk / ṛg | ṛcau | ṛcaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | ṛcam | ṛcau | ṛcaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | ṛcā | ṛgbhyām | ṛgbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | ṛce | ṛgbhyām | ṛgbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | ṛcaḥ | ṛgbhyām | ṛgbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | ṛcaḥ | ṛcoḥ | ṛcām |
| Saptamī | ṛci | ṛcoḥ | ṛkṣu |
| Sambodhana | ṛk / ṛg | ṛcau | ṛcaḥ |
Fem. J-stem: sraj (garland)
Femininej-stem (k-change)
sraj = garland. j→k (Sūtra 186, like ṛtvij) → g (Sūtra 61) → k/g (Sūtra 185).
sraj (j-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | srak / srag | srajau | srajaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | srajam | srajau | srajaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | srajā | sragbhyām | sragbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | sraje | sragbhyām | sragbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | srajaḥ | sragbhyām | sragbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | srajaḥ | srajoḥ | srajām |
| Saptamī | sraji | srajoḥ | srakṣu |
| Sambodhana | srak / srag | srajau | srajaḥ |
Fem. Dh-stem: samidh (firewood)
Femininedh-stem
samidh = firewood (used in sacrifices). dh→d (Sūtra 61) → t/d (Sūtra 185) at viräma.
samidh (dh-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | samit / samid | samidhau | samidhaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | samidham | samidhau | samidhaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | samidhā | samidbhyām | samidbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | samidhe | samidbhyām | samidbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | samidhaḥ | samidbhyām | samidbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | samidhaḥ | samidhoḥ | samidhām |
| Saptamī | samidhi | samidhoḥ | samitsu |
| Sambodhana | samit / samid | samidhau | samidhaḥ |
Fem. An-stem: sīman (boundary)
Femininean-stem (fem.)
sīman = boundary, limit. Declines like rājan (with trivikrama in strong cases, a-deletion in weak). Optional saptamī: sīmni or sīmani.
sīman (an-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | sīmā | sīmānau | sīmānaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | sīmānam | sīmānau | sīmnaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | sīmnā | sīmabhyām | sīmabhiḥ |
| Caturthī | sīmne | sīmabhyām | sīmabhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | sīmnaḥ | sīmabhyām | sīmabhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | sīmnaḥ | sīmnoḥ | sīmnām |
| Saptamī | sīmni / sīmani | sīmnoḥ | sīmasu |
| Sambodhana | sīman | sīmānau | sīmānaḥ |
Fem. P-stem: ap (water, plural only)
Femininep-stem (always plural)
Sūtra 212apo do bhe
The p of ap → d when bh follows → adbhiḥ, adbhyaḥ.
ap = water. Always plural. Trivikrama by Sūtra 163 (nānta) → āpaḥ <1.3>.
ap (water, fem. pl. only)
| Case | Plural |
|---|---|
| Prathamā | āpaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | apaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | adbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | adbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | adbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | apām |
| Saptamī | apsu |
| Sambodhana | āpaḥ |
Fem. Bh-stem: kakubh (direction/region)
Femininebh-stem
kakubh = a direction or region. bh→b (Sūtra 61) → p/b (Sūtra 185) at viräma.
kakubh (bh-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | kakup / kakub | kakubhau | kakubhaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | kakubham | kakubhau | kakubhaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | kakubhā | kakubbhyām | kakubbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | kakubhe | kakubbhyām | kakubbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | kakubhaḥ | kakubbhyām | kakubbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | kakubhaḥ | kakubhoḥ | kakubhām |
| Saptamī | kakubhi | kakubhoḥ | kakupsu |
| Sambodhana | kakup / kakub | kakubhau | kakubhaḥ |
Fem. R-stem: gir (speech) / pur (city)
Femininer-stem
gir = speech, word (name of Sarasvatī). pur = town, city. Both: ir/ur → ī/ū (trivikrama by Sūtra 207) before viṣṇupadānta → gīḥ, pūḥ.
gir (r-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | gīḥ | girau | giraḥ |
| Dvitīyā | giram | girau | giraḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | girā | gīrbhyām | gīrbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | gire | gīrbhyām | gīrbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | giraḥ | gīrbhyām | gīrbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | giraḥ | giroḥ | girām |
| Saptamī | giri | giroḥ | gīrṣu |
| Sambodhana | gīḥ | girau | giraḥ |
pur (r-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | pūḥ | purau | puraḥ |
| Dvitīyā | puram | purau | puraḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | purā | pūrbhyām | pūrbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | pure | pūrbhyām | pūrbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | puraḥ | pūrbhyām | pūrbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | puraḥ | puroḥ | purām |
| Saptamī | puri | puroḥ | pūrṣu |
| Sambodhana | pūḥ | purau | puraḥ |
Fem. Numeral: catasṛ (4, feminine)
FeminineNumeral (always plural)
catasṛ = four (feminine). catur → catasṛ (Sūtra 151) → r before vowel (Sūtra 152) → catasraḥ. Always plural.
catasṛ (4, fem. pl. only)
| Case | Plural |
|---|---|
| Prathamā | catasraḥ |
| Dvitīyā | catasraḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | catasṛbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | catasṛbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | catasṛbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | catasṛṇām |
| Saptamī | catasṛṣu |
Fem. Irregular: div (heaven/sky)
Feminineirregular (div)
Sūtra 213diva au sau
The v of div → au when s[u] follows → dyauḥ.
Sūtra 214diva ur viṣṇupadānte
The v of div → u when the viṣaya is viṣṇupadānta → dyubhyām, dyuṣu.
div (irreg. fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | dyauḥ | divau | divaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | divam | divau | divaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | divā | dyubhyām | dyubhiḥ |
| Caturthī | dive | dyubhyām | dyubhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | divaḥ | dyubhyām | dyubhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | divaḥ | divoḥ | divām |
| Saptamī | divi | divoḥ | dyuṣu |
| Sambodhana | dyauḥ | divau | divaḥ |
Fem. C-stem: diś / dṛś
Femininec-stem (k-change)
diś = direction. dṛś = seeing, eye. Both: ś→k (Sūtra 186) → g (Sūtra 61) → k/g (Sūtra 185).
diś / dṛś (c-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | dik / dig | diśau | diśaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | diśam | diśau | diśaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | diśā | digbhyām | digbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | diśe | digbhyām | digbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | diśaḥ | digbhyām | digbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | diśaḥ | diśoḥ | diśām |
| Saptamī | diśi | diśoḥ | dikṣu |
| Sambodhana | dik / dig | diśau | diśaḥ |
Fem. Iṣ-stem: āśiṣ (blessing)
Feminineiṣ-stem
āśiṣ = wish, blessing. ṣ→r (Sūtra 206) → ī (trivikrama by Sūtra 207) → ḥ (Sūtra 93) → āśīḥ. Bhyām: āśīrbhyām.
āśiṣ (iṣ-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | āśīḥ | āśiṣau | āśiṣaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | āśiṣam | āśiṣau | āśiṣaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | āśiṣā | āśīrbhyām | āśīrbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | āśiṣe | āśīrbhyām | āśīrbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | āśiṣaḥ | āśīrbhyām | āśīrbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | āśiṣaḥ | āśiṣoḥ | āśiṣām |
| Saptamī | āśiṣi | āśiṣoḥ | āśīḥṣu |
| Sambodhana | āśīḥ | āśiṣau | āśiṣaḥ |
Fem. H-stem: uṣṇih / upānah
Feminineh-stem
uṣṇih = name of a Vedic meter. h→k (Sūtra 186) → g (Sūtra 61) → k/g (Sūtra 185).
upānah = shoe/sandal. h→dh (Sūtra 211: naho dhaḥ) → d (Sūtra 61) → t/d (Sūtra 185).
upānah = shoe/sandal. h→dh (Sūtra 211: naho dhaḥ) → d (Sūtra 61) → t/d (Sūtra 185).
uṣṇih (h-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | uṣṇik / uṣṇig | uṣṇihau | uṣṇihaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | uṣṇiham | uṣṇihau | uṣṇihaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | uṣṇihā | uṣṇigbhyām | uṣṇigbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | uṣṇihe | uṣṇigbhyām | uṣṇigbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | uṣṇihaḥ | uṣṇigbhyām | uṣṇigbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | uṣṇihaḥ | uṣṇihoḥ | uṣṇihām |
| Saptamī | uṣṇihi | uṣṇihoḥ | uṣṇikṣu |
| Sambodhana | uṣṇik / uṣṇig | uṣṇihau | uṣṇihaḥ |
upānah (h-stem fem.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | upānat / upānad | upānahau | upānahaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | upānaham | upānahau | upānahaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | upānahā | upānadbhyām | upānadbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | upānahe | upānadbhyām | upānadbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | upānahaḥ | upānadbhyām | upānadbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | upānahaḥ | upānahoḥ | upānahām |
| Saptamī | upānahi | upānahoḥ | upānatsu |
| Sambodhana | upānat / upānad | upānahau | upānahaḥ |
Neut. Añc-stem: pratyac
Neuterañc-stem
The PDF (p.242) gives only these forms explicitly for pratyac neuter, then moves to jagat. The summary line reads: "tatrāpi pratyac — pratyak pratīcī pratyañci. pratīcā pratyagbhyām." The remaining cases follow the same pattern as the masculine.
pratyac (añc-stem neut.) — from PDF p.242
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | pratyak / pratyag | pratīcī | pratyañci |
| Dvitīyā | pratyak / pratyag | pratīcī | pratyañci |
| Tṛtīyā | pratīcā | pratyagbhyām | pratyagbhiḥ |
| Caturthī–Saptamī | Same as masculine pratyac (pratīce, pratīcaḥ, pratīcaḥ, pratīcoḥ, pratīcām, pratīci, pratīcoḥ, pratyakṣu) | ||
| Sambodhana | pratyak / pratyag | pratīcī | pratyañci |
Neut. At-stem: jagat (world/universe)
Neuterat-stem
jagat = world, universe. PDF p.243 gives a full table. Nom./acc./voc. sg. = jagat/jagad (mahāhara by 166, then 61, 185). Du. = jagatī (au→ī by 144). Pl. = jaganti (158→[ś]i, 159,160→n[um], trivikrama by 163).
jagat (at-stem neut.) — PDF p.243
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | jagat / jagad | jagatī | jaganti |
| Dvitīyā | jagat / jagad | jagatī | jaganti |
| Tṛtīyā | jagatā | jagadbhyām | jagadbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | jagate | jagadbhyām | jagadbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | jagataḥ | jagadbhyām | jagadbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | jagataḥ | jagatoḥ | jagatām |
| Saptamī | jagati | jagatoḥ | jagatsu |
| Sambodhana | jagat / jagad | jagatī | jaganti |
Neut. An-stem: brahman (the Absolute Truth)
Neuteran-stem
Sūtra 215nasya haro vā brahmaṇi buddhe
In the neuter gender, n is optionally deleted in the sambodhana eka-vacana → brahma or brahman.
brahman (neut.) = the Absolute Truth, Brahman. a of -man NOT deleted (va-ma-sat-saṅga restriction). Also: karman (action), dharman (law), janman (birth), etc. follow brahman. Words like nāman, preman, dhāman follow with optional a-deletion.
brahman (an-stem neut.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | brahma | brahmaṇī | brahmāṇi |
| Dvitīyā | brahma | brahmaṇī | brahmāṇi |
| Tṛtīyā | brahmaṇā | brahmabhyām | brahmabhiḥ |
| Caturthī | brahmaṇe | brahmabhyām | brahmabhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | brahmaṇaḥ | brahmabhyām | brahmabhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | brahmaṇaḥ | brahmaṇoḥ | brahmaṇām |
| Saptamī | brahmaṇi | brahmaṇoḥ | brahmasu |
| Sambodhana | brahma / brahman | brahmaṇī | brahmāṇi |
Neut. An-stem: nāman (name)
Neuteran-stem (opt. a-deletion)
nāman = name. Like brahman but: a of -man optionally deleted (Sūtra 170) → nāmnī or nāmanī <1.2>; nāmni or nāmani <7.1>. Also: preman (love), dhāman (abode), vyoman (sky).
nāman (an-stem neut., opt. a-deletion)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | nāma | nāmnī / nāmanī | nāmāni |
| Dvitīyā | nāma | nāmnī / nāmanī | nāmāni |
| Tṛtīyā | nāmnā | nāmabhyām | nāmabhiḥ |
| Caturthī | nāmne | nāmabhyām | nāmabhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | nāmnaḥ | nāmabhyām | nāmabhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | nāmnaḥ | nāmnoḥ | nāmnām |
| Saptamī | nāmni / nāmani | nāmnoḥ | nāmasu |
| Sambodhana | nāma / nāman | nāmnī / nāmanī | nāmāni |
Neut. An-stem (Irregular): ahan (day)
Neuteran-stem (irregular)
Sūtra 216ahno viṣṇusargo viṣṇupadānte, na samāse puṃséti vācyam
The n of ahan → viṣṇusarga before viṣṇupadānta → ahaḥ <1.1>. Not in compound in masculine.
ahan = day. Nom./acc. sg. = ahaḥ (n→ḥ by Sūtra 216). Bhyām: ḥ→u+a→o → ahobhyām. Voc. sg. = ahaḥ (same as nom.).
ahan (irreg. an-stem neut.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | ahaḥ | ahnī / ahanī | ahāni |
| Dvitīyā | ahaḥ | ahnī / ahanī | ahāni |
| Tṛtīyā | ahnā | ahobhyām | ahobhiḥ |
| Caturthī | ahne | ahobhyām | ahobhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | ahnaḥ | ahobhyām | ahobhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | ahnaḥ | ahnoḥ | ahnām |
| Saptamī | ahni / ahani | ahnoḥ | ahaḥsu |
| Sambodhana | ahaḥ | ahnī / ahanī | ahāni |
Neut. In-stem: dṛṣṭa-śārṅgin
Neuterin-stem neut.
dṛṣṭa-śārṅgin = one who has seen Śārṅgī (neut.). Only nom./acc./voc. given (3 forms); from Tṛtīyā onwards like masculine śārṅgin.
dṛṣṭa-śārṅgin (in-stem neut.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | dṛṣṭa-śārṅgi | dṛṣṭa-śārṅgiṇī | dṛṣṭa-śārṅgīṇi |
| Dvitīyā | dṛṣṭa-śārṅgi | dṛṣṭa-śārṅgiṇī | dṛṣṭa-śārṅgīṇi |
| Tṛtīyā | Same as masculine śārṅgin from Tṛtīyā onwards | ||
| Sambodhana | dṛṣṭa-śārṅgi | dṛṣṭa-śārṅgiṇī | dṛṣṭa-śārṅgīṇi |
Neut. Han-stem: dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-han
Neuterhan-stem neut.
dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-han = one who has seen Kaṃsa-han (neut.). PDF p.246 gives: nom. sg. = dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-ha; du. = dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-ghnī (a deleted, h→gh) or dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-hanī (a not deleted); pl. = dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-hāni. From Tṛtīyā onwards same as masculine kaṃsa-han.
dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-han (han-stem neut.) — PDF p.246
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-ha | dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-ghnī / dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-hanī | dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-hāni |
| Dvitīyā | dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-ha | dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-ghnī / dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-hanī | dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-hāni |
| Tṛtīyā–Saptamī | Same as masculine kaṃsa-han from Tṛtīyā onwards | ||
| Sambodhana | dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-ha | dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-ghnī / dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-hanī | dṛṣṭa-kaṃsa-hāni |
Neut. Numeral: catur (4, neuter)
NeuterNumeral (always plural)
catur in neuter: nom./acc. pl. = catvāri (ā[m] + r + i → catvāri by Sūtra 51). From Tṛtīyā onwards same as masculine.
catur (4, neut. pl. only)
| Case | Plural |
|---|---|
| Prathamā | catvāri |
| Dvitīyā | catvāri |
| Tṛtīyā | Same as masculine catur from Tṛtīyā onwards |
Neut. As-stem: payas (milk)
Neuteras-stem
payas = milk. Also: manas (mind), yaśas (fame), tapas (austerity), etc. Nom./acc. sg. = payaḥ (ḥ by Sūtra 93). Pl. = payāṃsi (n[um] + trivikrama + viṣṇucakra). Bhyām: payobhyām (ḥ→u+a→o).
payas (as-stem neut.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | payaḥ | payasī | payāṃsi |
| Dvitīyā | payaḥ | payasī | payāṃsi |
| Tṛtīyā | payasā | payobhyām | payobhiḥ |
| Caturthī | payase | payobhyām | payobhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | payasaḥ | payobhyām | payobhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | payasaḥ | payasoḥ | payasām |
| Saptamī | payasi | payasoḥ | payaḥsu |
| Sambodhana | payaḥ | payasī | payāṃsi |
Neut. Is/Us-stem: havis / dhanus
Neuteris-stem / us-stem
havis = oblation, ghee (PDF p.247 gives full table). The s of havis belongs to an uṇādi pratyaya, so ṣatva (s→ṣ by Sūtra 108) applies throughout. Bhyām/bhis: ḥ→r (Sūtra 83) → havirbhyām. Pl. = havīṃṣi. dhanus (bow) is declined the same way — the PDF states: "evaṃ dhanus."
havis (is-stem neut.) — PDF p.247
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | haviḥ | haviṣī | havīṃṣi |
| Dvitīyā | haviḥ | haviṣī | havīṃṣi |
| Tṛtīyā | haviṣā | havirbhyām | havirbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | haviṣe | havirbhyām | havirbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | haviṣaḥ | havirbhyām | havirbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | haviṣaḥ | haviṣoḥ | haviṣām |
| Saptamī | haviṣi | haviṣoḥ | haviḥṣu |
| Sambodhana | haviḥ | haviṣī | havīṃṣi |
dhanus (us-stem neut.) — same as havis
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | dhanuḥ | dhanuṣī | dhanūṃṣi |
| Dvitīyā | dhanuḥ | dhanuṣī | dhanūṃṣi |
| Tṛtīyā | dhanuṣā | dhanurbhyām | dhanurbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | dhanuṣe | dhanurbhyām | dhanurbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | dhanuṣaḥ | dhanurbhyām | dhanurbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | dhanuṣaḥ | dhanuṣoḥ | dhanuṣām |
| Saptamī | dhanuṣi | dhanuṣoḥ | dhanuḥṣu |
| Sambodhana | dhanuḥ | dhanuṣī | dhanūṃṣi |
Pronoun: tad (he/she/it/that)
MasculineFeminineNeuter
No vocative. Avyayas: tataḥ (abl.), tatra (loc.).
tad — Masculine
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | saḥ | tau | te |
| Dvitīyā | tam | tau | tān |
| Tṛtīyā | tena | tābhyām | taiḥ |
| Caturthī | tasmai | tābhyām | tebhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | tasmāt | tābhyām | tebhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | tasya | tayoḥ | teṣām |
| Saptamī | tasmin | tayoḥ | teṣu |
tad — Feminine (sā)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | sā | te | tāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | tām | te | tāḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | tayā | tābhyām | tābhiḥ |
| Caturthī | tasyai | tābhyām | tābhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | tasyāḥ | tābhyām | tābhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | tasyāḥ | tayoḥ | tāsām |
| Saptamī | tasyām | tayoḥ | tāsu |
tad — Neuter
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | tat / tad | te | tāni |
| Dvitīyā | tat / tad | te | tāni |
| Tṛtīyā–Saptamī | Same as masculine tad | ||
Pronoun: yad (who/which)
MasculineFeminineNeuter
Relative pronoun. Avyayas: yataḥ (abl.), yatra (loc.). Declined like tad.
yad — Masculine
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | yaḥ | yau | ye |
| Dvitīyā | yam | yau | yān |
| Tṛtīyā | yena | yābhyām | yaiḥ |
| Caturthī | yasmai | yābhyām | yebhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | yasmāt | yābhyām | yebhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | yasya | yayoḥ | yeṣām |
| Saptamī | yasmin | yayoḥ | yeṣu |
yad — Feminine (yā)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | yā | ye | yāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | yām | ye | yāḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | yayā | yābhyām | yābhiḥ |
| Caturthī | yasyai | yābhyām | yābhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | yasyāḥ | yābhyām | yābhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | yasyāḥ | yayoḥ | yāsām |
| Saptamī | yasyām | yayoḥ | yāsu |
yad — Neuter
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | yat / yad | ye | yāni |
| Dvitīyā | yat / yad | ye | yāni |
| Tṛtīyā–Saptamī | Same as masculine yad | ||
Pronoun: etad (this, proximate)
MasculineFeminineNeuter
Avyayas: ataḥ (abl.), atra (loc.). Declined like tad with e- prefix.
etad — Masculine
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | eṣaḥ | etau | ete |
| Dvitīyā | etam | etau | etān |
| Tṛtīyā | etena | etābhyām | etaiḥ |
| Caturthī | etasmai | etābhyām | etebhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | etasmāt | etābhyām | etebhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | etasya | etayoḥ | eteṣām |
| Saptamī | etasmin | etayoḥ | eteṣu |
etad — Feminine (eṣā)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | eṣā | ete | etāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | etām | ete | etāḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | etayā | etābhyām | etābhiḥ |
| Caturthī | etasyai | etābhyām | etābhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | etasyāḥ | etābhyām | etābhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | etasyāḥ | etayoḥ | etāsām |
| Saptamī | etasyām | etayoḥ | etāsu |
etad — Neuter
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | etat / etad | ete | etāni |
| Dvitīyā | etat / etad | ete | etāni |
| Tṛtīyā–Saptamī | Same as masculine etad | ||
Pronoun: idam (this, near)
MasculineFeminineNeuter
Avyayas: itaḥ (abl.), iha (loc.). Special: tṛtīyā uses anaś (anena, anayā). Alternate forms with ena- in dvitīyā/tṛtīyā.
idam — Masculine
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | ayam | imau | ime |
| Dvitīyā | imam | imau | imān |
| Tṛtīyā | anena | ābhyām | ebhiḥ |
| Caturthī | asmai | ābhyām | ebhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | asmāt | ābhyām | ebhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | asya | anayoḥ | eṣām |
| Saptamī | asmin | anayoḥ | eṣu |
idam — Feminine (iyam)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | iyam | ime | imāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | imām | ime | imāḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | anayā | ābhyām | ābhiḥ |
| Caturthī | asyai | ābhyām | ābhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | asyāḥ | ābhyām | ābhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | asyāḥ | anayoḥ | āsām |
| Saptamī | asyām | anayoḥ | āsu |
idam — Neuter
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | idam | ime | imāni |
| Dvitīyā | idam | ime | imāni |
| Tṛtīyā–Saptamī | Same as masculine idam | ||
Pronoun: adas (that, yonder)
MasculineFeminineNeuter
Avyayas: amutaḥ (abl.), amutra (loc.). Special: amu- base in most forms.
adas — Masculine
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | asau | amū | amī |
| Dvitīyā | amum | amū | amūn |
| Tṛtīyā | amunā | amūbhyām | amībhiḥ |
| Caturthī | amuṣmai | amūbhyām | amībhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | amuṣmāt | amūbhyām | amībhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | amuṣya | amuyoḥ | amīṣām |
| Saptamī | amuṣmin | amuyoḥ | amīṣu |
adas — Feminine (asau)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | asau | amū | amūḥ |
| Dvitīyā | amūm | amū | amūḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | amuyā | amūbhyām | amūbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | amuṣyai | amūbhyām | amūbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | amuṣyāḥ | amūbhyām | amūbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | amuṣyāḥ | amuyoḥ | amūṣām |
| Saptamī | amuṣyām | amuyoḥ | amūṣu |
adas — Neuter
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | adaḥ | amū | amūni |
| Dvitīyā | adaḥ | amū | amūni |
| Tṛtīyā–Saptamī | Same as masculine adas | ||
Pronoun: asmad (I, 1st person)
All Genders
Same form in all three genders. Viriñci forms (short alternatives) for dvitīyā, caturthī, ṣaṣṭhī.
asmad (1st person)
| Case | Singular | Viriñci | Dual | Viriñci | Plural | Viriñci |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | aham | — | āvām | — | vayam | — |
| Dvitīyā | mām | mā | āvām | nau | asmān | naḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | mayā | — | āvābhyām | — | asmābhiḥ | — |
| Caturthī | mahyam | me | āvābhyām | nau | asmabhyam | naḥ |
| Pañcamī | mat | — | āvābhyām | — | asmat | — |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | mama | me | āvayoḥ | nau | asmākam | naḥ |
| Saptamī | mayi | — | āvayoḥ | — | asmāsu | — |
Pronoun: yuṣmad (you, 2nd person)
All Genders
Same form in all three genders. Viriñci forms for dvitīyā, caturthī, ṣaṣṭhī.
yuṣmad (2nd person)
| Case | Singular | Viriñci | Dual | Viriñci | Plural | Viriñci |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | tvam | — | yuvām | — | yūyam | — |
| Dvitīyā | tvām | tvā | yuvām | vām | yuṣmān | vaḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | tvayā | — | yuvābhyām | — | yuṣmābhiḥ | — |
| Caturthī | tubhyam | te | yuvābhyām | vām | yuṣmabhyam | vaḥ |
| Pañcamī | tvat | — | yuvābhyām | — | yuṣmat | — |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | tava | te | yuvayoḥ | vām | yuṣmākam | vaḥ |
| Saptamī | tvayi | — | yuvayoḥ | — | yuṣmāsu | — |
Pronoun: kim (who?/what?)
MasculineFeminineNeuter
Interrogative pronoun. Avyayas: kutaḥ (abl.), kva/kutra (loc.). Declined like tad.
kim — Masculine
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | kaḥ | kau | ke |
| Dvitīyā | kam | kau | kān |
| Tṛtīyā | kena | kābhyām | kaiḥ |
| Caturthī | kasmai | kābhyām | kebhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | kasmāt | kābhyām | kebhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | kasya | kayoḥ | keṣām |
| Saptamī | kasmin | kayoḥ | keṣu |
kim — Feminine (kā)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | kā | ke | kāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | kām | ke | kāḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | kayā | kābhyām | kābhiḥ |
| Caturthī | kasyai | kābhyām | kābhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | kasyāḥ | kābhyām | kābhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | kasyāḥ | kayoḥ | kāsām |
| Saptamī | kasyām | kayoḥ | kāsu |
kim — Neuter
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | kim | ke | kāni |
| Dvitīyā | kim | ke | kāni |
| Tṛtīyā–Saptamī | Same as masculine kim | ||
Pronoun: sarva (all)
MasculineFeminineNeuter
Sarva-type pronouns: caturthī = -smai/-syai; pañcamī = -smāt/-syāḥ; ṣaṣṭhī = -sya/-syāḥ/-syāḥ; saptamī = -smin/-syām. Neuter nom./acc. = sarvam/sarve/sarvāṇi.
sarva — Masculine
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | sarvaḥ | sarvau | sarve |
| Dvitīyā | sarvam | sarvau | sarvān |
| Tṛtīyā | sarveṇa | sarvābhyām | sarvaiḥ |
| Caturthī | sarvasmai | sarvābhyām | sarvebhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | sarvasmāt | sarvābhyām | sarvebhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | sarvasya | sarvayoḥ | sarveṣām |
| Saptamī | sarvasmin | sarvayoḥ | sarveṣu |
| Sambodhana | sarva | sarvau | sarve |
sarva — Feminine (sarvā)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | sarvā | sarve | sarvāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | sarvām | sarve | sarvāḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | sarvayā | sarvābhyām | sarvābhiḥ |
| Caturthī | sarvasyai | sarvābhyām | sarvābhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | sarvasyāḥ | sarvābhyām | sarvābhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | sarvasyāḥ | sarvayoḥ | sarvāsām |
| Saptamī | sarvasyām | sarvayoḥ | sarvāsu |
| Sambodhana | sarve | sarve | sarvāḥ |
sarva — Neuter
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | sarvam | sarve | sarvāṇi |
| Dvitīyā | sarvam | sarve | sarvāṇi |
| Tṛtīyā–Saptamī | Same as masculine sarva | ||
Pronouns: ubha (both) / ubhaya (both)
All Genders
ubha (both, dual only)
| Case | Dual |
|---|---|
| Prathamā | ubhau |
| Dvitīyā | ubhau |
| Tṛtīyā | ubhābhyām |
| Caturthī | ubhābhyām |
| Pañcamī | ubhābhyām |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | ubhayoḥ |
| Saptamī | ubhayoḥ |
ubhaya (both, no dual)
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | ubhayaḥ | ubhaye / ubhayāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | ubhayam | ubhayān |
| Tṛtīyā | ubhayena | ubhayaiḥ |
| Caturthī | ubhayasmai | ubhayebhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | ubhayasmāt | ubhayebhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | ubhayasya | ubhayeṣām |
| Saptamī | ubhayasmin | ubhayeṣu |
Pronoun Group: pūrva (9 directional words)
MasculineFeminineNeuter
The 9 pūrvādis: pūrva (east/previous), para (other/later), avara (western/lower), dakṣiṇa (south), uttara (north/upper), apara (western/other), adhara (lower), sva (own/self), antara (inner/other). All follow the same pattern. Pañcamī and saptamī sg. have two options: sarva-type (-smāt/-smin) or kṛṣṇa-type (-āt/-e).
pūrva (directional, masc.)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | pūrvaḥ | pūrvau | pūrve / pūrvāḥ |
| Dvitīyā | pūrvam | pūrvau | pūrvān |
| Tṛtīyā | pūrveṇa | pūrvābhyām | pūrvaiḥ |
| Caturthī | pūrvasmai | pūrvābhyām | pūrvebhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | pūrvasmāt / pūrvāt | pūrvābhyām | pūrvebhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | pūrvasya | pūrvayoḥ | pūrveṣām |
| Saptamī | pūrvasmin / pūrve | pūrvayoḥ | pūrveṣu |
| Sambodhana | pūrva | pūrvau | pūrve / pūrvāḥ |
Pronoun: anya (other) and anyādis
MasculineFeminineNeuter
The 11 anyādis (minus ekatara): anya, anyatara, tatara, tatama, yatara, yatama, katara, katama, ekatama, itara, tvat, tva. All follow sarva in masc./fem. Neuter has t[uk] insertion → anyat/anyad.
anya (masc./fem. like sarva)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | anyaḥ | anyau | anye |
| Dvitīyā | anyam | anyau | anyān |
| Tṛtīyā | anyena | anyābhyām | anyaiḥ |
| Caturthī | anyasmai | anyābhyām | anyebhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | anyasmāt | anyābhyām | anyebhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | anyasya | anyayoḥ | anyeṣām |
| Saptamī | anyasmin | anyayoḥ | anyeṣu |
anya — Neuter (t[uk] insertion)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | anyat / anyad | anye | anyāni |
| Dvitīyā | anyat / anyad | anye | anyāni |
| Tṛtīyā–Saptamī | Same as masculine anya | ||
| Sambodhana | anyat | anye | anyāni |
Pronoun/Numeral: dvi (2, dual only)
All Genders
dvi = two. Always dual only, same form in all three genders.
dvi (2, dual only, all genders)
| Case | Dual |
|---|---|
| Prathamā | dvau |
| Dvitīyā | dvau |
| Tṛtīyā | dvābhyām |
| Caturthī | dvābhyām |
| Pañcamī | dvābhyām |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | dvayoḥ |
| Saptamī | dvayoḥ |
Pronoun/Numeral: eka (1, like sarva)
MasculineFeminineNeuter
eka = one. Declined exactly like sarva. Neuter nom./acc. sg. = ekam (not ekat — no t[uk]). Fem. = ekā, eke, ekāḥ, etc.
Book statementeka-śabdo sarva-vat
"The word eka is declined like the word sarva."
Pronoun: tyad (like tad)
MasculineFeminineNeuter
tyad = (Vedic) he/she/it/that. Declined exactly like tad. Nom. sg. masc. = syaḥ (t→s by Sūtra 238).
tyad — Masculine (like tad)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | syaḥ | tyau | tye |
| Dvitīyā | tyam | tyau | tyān |
| Tṛtīyā | tyena | tyābhyām | tyaiḥ |
| Caturthī | tyasmai | tyābhyām | tyebhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | tyasmāt | tyābhyām | tyebhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | tyasya | tyayoḥ | tyeṣām |
| Saptamī | tyasmin | tyayoḥ | tyeṣu |
Feminine: syā, tye, tyāḥ … (like tad fem.). Neuter: tyat/tyad, tye, tyāni … (like tad neut.).
Honorific: bhavat (your honor)
MasculineFeminineNeuter
bhavat as honorific = "your honor, you". Masculine declines like bhavat[ṛ] (present participle). Neuter: nom./acc. = bhavat/bhavad, bhavatī, bhavanti.
bhavat — Masculine (honorific)
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | bhavan | bhavantau | bhavantaḥ |
| Dvitīyā | bhavantam | bhavantau | bhavataḥ |
| Tṛtīyā | bhavatā | bhavadbhyām | bhavadbhiḥ |
| Caturthī | bhavate | bhavadbhyām | bhavadbhyaḥ |
| Pañcamī | bhavataḥ | bhavadbhyām | bhavadbhyaḥ |
| Ṣaṣṭhī | bhavataḥ | bhavatoḥ | bhavatām |
| Saptamī | bhavati | bhavatoḥ | bhavatsu |
| Sambodhana | bhavan | bhavantau | bhavantaḥ |
bhavat — Neuter
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prathamā | bhavat / bhavad | bhavatī | bhavanti |
| Dvitīyā | bhavat / bhavad | bhavatī | bhavanti |
| Tṛtīyā–Saptamī | Same as masculine bhavat | ||
| Sambodhana | bhavat / bhavad | bhavatī | bhavanti |
Sūtra Reference: 1–40 (Saṃjñā) — Complete
All sūtras 1–40 are listed in the Alphabet & Varṇas section above with full word-for-word meanings from the PDF. Click "Alphabet & Varṇas" in the sidebar to see them.
Exam Q&A — Chapters 1 & 2
1. What are the 4 types of nāma in HNV?
Puruṣottama (masculine), Lakṣmī (feminine), Brahma (neuter), Avyaya (indeclinable). These replace the Pāṇinian terms puṃliṅga, strīliṅga, napuṃsakaliṅga, avyaya.
2. What is the difference between govinda and vṛṣṇīndra?
Govinda (= guṇa): i→e, u→o, ṛ→ar, ḷ→al. Vṛṣṇīndra (= vṛddhi): a→ā, i→ai, u→au, ṛ→ār, e→ai, o→au. Govinda is applied when [j]as, vṛṣṇis, or buddha follows a hari. Vṛṣṇīndra is applied to sakhi before pāṇḍavas (except s[u]).
3. Give the 8 cases of kṛṣṇa in singular.
kṛṣṇaḥ, kṛṣṇam, kṛṣṇena, kṛṣṇāya, kṛṣṇāt, kṛṣṇasya, kṛṣṇe, kṛṣṇa (voc.)
4. Why does rāma have rāmeṇa (not rāmena) in tṛtīyā sg.?
Sūtra 111: n → ṇ after r/ṣ/ṛ-dvaya in the same viṣṇupada. In rāmeṇa, the r of rāma causes n of ina to become ṇ. Similarly rāmāṇām (gen. pl.) and rāmeṣu (loc. pl.).
5. What is the difference between pitṛ and kartṛ declension?
pitṛ-type: nom. sg. = pitā (no vṛṣṇīndra in nom. du./pl.) → pitarau, pitaraḥ. kartṛ-type (tṛl/tṛn agent nouns): nom. sg. = kartā, nom. du. = kartārau, nom. pl. = kartāraḥ (vṛṣṇīndra by Sūtra 139). Both have pituḥ/kartuḥ in gen./abl. sg.
6. How does gopī differ from bhakti in the 4th case singular?
gopī: always ā[p] (nityam) → gopyai (only one form). bhakti: optionally ā[p] → bhaktyai OR bhaktaye (two forms). This is because Sūtra 150 says ā[p] is optional (vā) after a hari in feminine, but always (nityam) after a gopī.
7. Give the nom./acc./voc. of gokula in all three numbers.
Sg.: gokulam / gokulam / gokula. Du.: gokule / gokule / gokule. Pl.: gokulāni / gokulāni / gokulāni. (Nom. = Acc. = Voc. in neuter — universal rule.)
8. What is the difference between dadhi and vāri declension?
Both are neuter i-stems. dadhi: i→an before [ṭ]ā onwards (Sūtra 168), then a optionally deleted (Sūtra 170) → dadhnā, dadhne, etc. Optional voc. sg.: dadhe or dadhi. vāri: n→ṇ throughout (ṇatva by Sūtra 111 because ā+r precedes) → vāriṇā, vāriṇe, etc. No govinda option in voc.
9. What are the strong cases (kṛṣṇasthāna) in consonant-stem declension?
The kṛṣṇasthānas are: the pāṇḍavas (s[u], au, [j]as, am, au) except when in brahma-liṅga, and [ś]i. In strong cases, the uddhava of n-ending words takes trivikrama (e.g., rājān-, bhagavant-). In weak cases (yadus), the a of -an is deleted.
10. Give the nom. sg. of: bhagavat, rājan, śārṅgin, kaṃsa-han, pathin.
bhagavān (trivikrama+n[um]+s[u] deleted+sat-saṅga deleted), rājā (trivikrama+s[u] deleted+n deleted), śārṅgī (trivikrama+s[u] deleted+n deleted), kaṃsa-hā (trivikrama+s[u] deleted+n deleted), panthāḥ (i→ā+n[uk]+s[u]).
11. What is the tṛtīyā sg. of: rājan, ātman, śvan, yuvan, maghavan?
rājñā (a deleted, j+ñ=jñ), ātmanā (a NOT deleted — ma-sat-saṅga restriction), śunā (va→u), yūnā (va→u, u+u→ū), maghonā (va→u, a+u→o).
12. How does the numeral pañcan differ from tri in declension?
tri: always plural, vācya-liṅga (adjectival), masc. only (fem. = tiṣṛ). Nom./acc. pl. = trayaḥ/trīn. pañcan: always plural, same form in all 3 genders. Nom./acc. pl. = pañca (mahāhara of [j]as and [ś]as). Gen. pl.: trayāṇām vs. pañcānām.
13. What is the difference between tad, etad, and idam?
tad (he/she/it/that) — distal demonstrative; nom. sg. masc. = saḥ. etad (this) — proximate demonstrative; nom. sg. masc. = eṣaḥ. idam (this, near) — near demonstrative; nom. sg. masc. = ayam; uses anena (not tena) in tṛtīyā sg. All three have no vocative.
14. Give the gen. sg. of: tad (M), idam (M), asmad, yuṣmad.
tasya, asya, mama (viriñci: me), tava (viriñci: te).
15. What is the key difference between sarva-type and kṛṣṇa-type in caturthī sg.?
kṛṣṇa-type: caturthī sg. = kṛṣṇāya (ending -āya). sarva-type: caturthī sg. = sarvasmai (ending -smai). Similarly pañcamī: -āt vs. -smāt; saptamī: -e vs. -smin. This is the key diagnostic for sarva-type pronouns.
16. What is buddha and when does it disappear?
Buddha is the name for s[u] in the sambodhana (vocative) case (Sūtra 109). It disappears (Sūtra 110) after e-rāma, o-rāma, or vāmana. Examples: he hare (not hariḥ), he viṣṇo (not viṣṇuḥ), he kṛṣṇa (not kṛṣṇaḥ). It does NOT disappear after ā (rādhā → rādhe, not rādhā).
17. What is the difference between mahāhara and hara?
Hara (= lopa) = simple deletion. Mahāhara = complete deletion that prevents sthāni-vat (the deleted element is not treated as still present). Mahāhara blocks govinda and other operations that would be triggered by the deleted element. Example: pañcan + [j]as → (126) pañca (mahāhara of [j]as prevents govinda).
18. Give the full declension of go in singular.
gauḥ, gām, gavā, gave, goḥ, goḥ, gavi, gauḥ (voc. — s[u] not deleted because vidhāna-sāmarthyāt).
19. What is the gen. pl. of: kṛṣṇa, hari, viṣṇu, pitṛ, rādhā, gopī?
kṛṣṇānām, harīṇām, viṣṇūnām, pitṝṇām, rādhānām, gopīnām.
20. What is the loc. sg. of: rājan, ātman, brahman (neut.), ahan?
rājñi or rājani (optional a-deletion), ātmani (a not deleted), brahmaṇi, ahni or ahani (optional a-deletion).
Sūtra Reference: 41–86 (Sandhi) — Complete
All sandhi sūtras are listed in the Sandhi sections above with full word-for-word meanings. The corrected texts are also in the JS tooltip engine (hover over any table cell to see them).
Sūtra Reference: 87–259 (Nāma-prakaraṇam) — Complete
All sūtras of Chapter 2, auto-generated from the verified lookup table: